Hamas is an enemy, unlike any enemy ever fought by any army in the history of warfare. It is in some ways a terror group, a guerrilla terror group that fades away into the civilian population, hides among the civilian population. But there's another sense in which it's a state. It has controlled the government and it has controlled the economy of a particular strip of land for 15 years. Until October seventh, there was nothing Hamas would do that the Israelis could imagine that was worth the cost of tens of thousands of dead civilians. After October seventh, the Israelis concluded that that was no longer the case and they would have to essentially take on that cost.

It's Sunday, November 26th at 9:30 PM in New York City. It's 4:30 AM on Monday, November 27th in Israel, as Israelis get ready to begin their day. That is the fourth day in the agreed upon pause in war fighting between Israel and Hamas. And the fourth day, God willing, of another group of Israeli hostages returning to Israel, as well as the return of a fourth group of foreign nationals. Today is also my weekly check-in with Javiv Retigour. I wanted to talk to Javiv about what early lessons he is identifying so far for Israeli leaders and security officials and for Israeli society from the implementation of this agreement by Hamas to release hostages over the past several days from the overall negotiations that led to this agreement and the fits and starts of the negotiations and the delays in the implementation, and the release of Palestinian prisoners from Israeli prisons, and of course, the pause in fighting. What the implications are for all of this in the next phase of the war, or whether or not that next phase of the war will be further delayed. Just to recap the numbers, 63 hostages have been released from the tunnels of Gaza by Hamas, including 39 Israelis, as I mentioned.

The balance of that 63 are foreign nationals that had been working in Israel. As to the number of hostages still being held in Gaza by Hamas, the numbers range slightly, but according to most estimates, it is between 178 and 183 for the number of hostages still believed to be held by Hamas, including 18 children, 8 girls and 10 boys and 43 women. Now, we're going to have a long conversation with Haviv, as I said at the outset, about what he's learning so far. But we wind up in this conversation taking a little bit of a detour to what the implications of this war since October seventh and the release of hostages and what we're learning about the hostages for Israel's minority groups, specifically Arab citizens and Arab permanent residents in Israel. The permanent residents are mostly Arab Israelis living in East Jerusalem. The total of those Arab citizens and permanent residents make up just over 20% of Israel's population of 9.3 million people. The roughly two million Israeli Arabs are distinct from Arab Palestinians who are living in the West Bank. The Israeli Arabs we discussed in this episode are, as I said, Arab citizens or residents of Israel, and therefore have legal status in Israel, in Israeli society, in the Israeli politi.

Now, in this discussion, while we talk about what has happened with these communities since October seventh, we don't go into great detail describing the history of these communities. I will say in our book, our new book that Saul Singer and I recently released called The genius of Israel, the surprising resilience of a divided nation in a turbulent world, we dedicate considerable space, a couple of chapters, to talking about minority groups in Israel, including these groups. And we provide a history of some of these groups and provide much more descriptive detail and may be a useful additional resource for you. Before we move to the conversation with Haviv, one housekeeping note. On the evening of Tuesday, December fifth, I'll be having a conversation with my friend, Rabbi Angela Bukdal, at Central Synagogue, where we'll be discussingdiscussing my new book, we'll be discussing the State of Israeli society, and most importantly, we will be discussing what we are learning so far about events in Israel since October seventh and the implications going forward. Details and registration information can be found at the Central Synagogue website, Central Synagogue in New York City. That's December fifth, and that will be a conversation between Rabbi Angela Bukdal and me.

But now onto my conversation with Javiv Retigour on the lessons he's learning so far on the hostage deal. This is Call Me Back. As I do every week, I look forward to my weekly check-in with Javiv Retigour from the Times of Israel who joins us from Jerusalem.

Hi, Javive. Hi, Dan. Good to be here.

It is good to be with you. Each week when we touch base, I think the week we're reflecting upon is like no other one could possibly imagine. Yet I just watched these images of the last few days of the hostages returning, and this one really feels like it will be, no matter how many weeks we wind up doing this, this one really will be like something I just can't get my head around for a while. How are you processing things? How are you seeing things over the last few days as Israeli hostages come up from 48 days, 49 days in captivity, held hostage in tunnels underneath Gaza by Hamas, returning to their families, their fellow citizens to their country? What does it mean to you right now?

For my family, especially for my wife, who has been helping, volunteering very intensively, roping me into it as well to helping the Haran family last night was a coming home. It was an end to this whole disastrous, never ending saga. The Yehel, three years old, Neve, eight years old, Noam, 12, they are home. They were brought home yesterday. For a few hours there, Hamas delayed and we all thought it had fallen through and there were things that they didn't agree to. There was all this on clarity, all this sudden last minute, essentially torture of the Israelis because that's Hamas. But in the end, they're home. It's a relaxing of tension that caught us off guard. We were up very late last night following the news very carefully. We've been just, if people don't know what I'm talking about, we've been volunteering. My wife, especially, has been doing a lot of work, getting the story of the Haran family of Kibbutz-Beirie out. These kids, her friends, her kid, her sister and her daughters and a few other members of the family were taken hostage on October seventh. In a sense, my family wasn't in that massacre, doesn't have people abducted.

But because I've been so closely following and tracking and because my wife has spent just days and days and days and weeks working hard intensively around the clock, leaving the house to be part of that group of volunteers, helping out that family, it feels like a personal connection is now gone and it's almost easier to breathe now. It's also as.

Soon as you - Now, just so you've referenced his family from time to time on this podcast, without mentioning their name, just so I'm clear, what's the nature of all your guys' relationship with them? Are they friends?

Yeah, they're friends. Shaqed Haran, the sister of the mother who was abducted along with the children, is an employee of Labby 99, which is where my wife works. It's essentially a consumer watchdog NGO and they know each other and they are close. My wife has really accompanied the family, setting up for them early on, a lot of their media attention, international media attention. She called me and said, I need someone to go on MSNBC real quick. I went. She took them to Indian television and German television and CNN and just built for them that early international campaign and spent days. It was basically her reserve duty, in a sense. We've just been very deeply involved in it. By the way, other people in that organization, it's a very small organization. I think they're 12 or 13 employees, and so they're close. We were really deep in the event in that sense because actual specific humans who we know and interact with were part of that circle of families with hostages in Gaza. That ended last night.

Thank God. How are they? Has your wife been in touch with them?

Yeah. I don't have permission from the good is the short answer. I don't know that I can say more than that.

Okay, that's all I want to know. You have had personal connection. There's the micro and the macro, the local and the global. You've had this very local connection. Now, just as an Israeli, watching your country real during these first 50 days from October seventh, and then having a green shoot of some good news, which is just the images of these people returning, where does that what does that represent to you and just the life of this nation dealing with this war?

To step back and being a national strategic, 30,000-foot perspective as much as I can, I think the Israelis, first of all, there's just the simple relief that someone got out. I think most Israelis think that not everyone is going to get out. It's just that's not how Hamas operates, that's not how this war functions. It's just not part of this event. And so... We're hoping the kids all get out. We're hoping their mothers all get out. We're hoping not all the Haran family is out, incidentally. The father is still there, is still hostage because men are not part of the first groups under the deal that negotiated with Qatar. There is some relief that some of them are out. Hamas has still kept some of the youngest children, including Kifir, a 10-month-old baby. At the same time that there is this relief, the Israelis understand something that probably is not healthy for Hamas. What got these hostages out is massive successful military pressure and nothing else. It got them out at a cost, Israel can tolerate. Which is to say not 1,100 to 1, like under the Shalit deal in 2011, not mass murderers, the people coming out, the Israeli prisoners being released at a 3:1 formula from Israeli jails are attempted stabbers, attempted killers, not the mass murderers who have been convicted in serious courts and gone through on that whole process.

It's worth opening. Not the equivalent of cinoir. I mean, cinoir got released in the 2011 deal. Exactly. He was serving at least one life sentence and then went on to become the architect of.

October seventh. Exactly. Quite a few. Quite a few of the architects and actual executioners of October seventh were released in the Shalid deal. That can't happen again, the Shalid deal. But this is something very different. This is very few, three to one. People who are not Hamas fighters, no men, not people who are going to go back into any systematic terrorism. They might return to attacking some individual released now who had attacked, might attack again, but they'll be these lone wolf kinds of attacks. That's the first thing. But the second part is Hamas did this because it was desperate. It did this because the Israeli military has surrounded Gaza City, begun to move in, has been destroying entrances to the tunnels, has been slowly burying Hamas alive under Casa City. Hamas's great strategy of building those tunnels is being turned into their grave, and Hamas is desperate to rescue what it can from the forces stuck in Casa City. It begins to understand. It has started to understand that the Israeli presence in Gaza isn't going to be short, isn't going to end the way Hamas decides. The Israelis are going to be very hard to play games with because they are more concerned with this never happening again than they are with however, I don't know what, how many hostages they end up getting out or the victory images, which Hamas is always obsessed with, show some image that looks bad for the Israelis.

The Israelis aren't playing any of those games anymore. Hamas is beginning to understand that, and that's what drove this desperate need for these few days of quiet, of ceasefire, that allowed us to pull out so far as 26 Israeli hostages, I think about 15 also foreign citizens, foreign nationals. That's the lesson going forward. Military pressure works. Defense Minister Gallant said that back in the day, and he was right.

So, Jeev, I want to stay on that because, Minister Gallant, apparently, these are according to public reports, you're closer to the story than I am, in the first week of the war, from what I understand, there was some offer put forth to the Israeli government about some release of hostages. It was a much smaller number, I think. And the Galant was against accepting it. He was like the catalyst for the rejection of the offer because he argued we will get many more after we pound them for a while. Is that your understanding?

Well, I think they were playing a game. It was their understanding as well. That's what they said. They released early on-.

They.

Being who? -dai Hamas and Islamic Jihad as well. They wanted to release two every few days, two hostages every few days, while keeping other family members of those same hostages in in Gaza. They wanted to do that for just as long as Israel agrees to delay the ground incursion, for example. That was part of what they were saying at the very beginning when they released those two grandmothers, but not the husband. They wanted to play this game where they wanted to say, Look, we have these hostages. We know you, Israelis, have this weird weakness with hostages. You gave us 1,100 for Gilad Shalid. What was that about? We're going to play you. We're going to play you like a fiddle. Galand's view on October 27th, the ground maneuver begins and the families of the hostages are desperate. Hundreds of families in Israel are desperate to meet with him. They said, What does this ground incursion mean? Does this mean our families are going to be killed? Is it over? They meet with him at army headquarters in Tel Aviv on October 29th, and he said to them, Hamas is playing us and it's playing on these painful points and it knows how to play those painful points.

It has been studying us in that regard for a long time. The only way to get these hostages out in any serious numbers, in any certain way, the only way to turn this game into a real exchange is massive military pressure on Hamas. Now we need this massive military pressure to remove the actual threat. This war has to happen. But I'm telling you, families, we're not sacrificing your family members in exchange for the war. The war that has to happen anyway is also what's going to get your family members out because nothing else is going to do so, except letting Hamas off the hook, which isn't an option because then in the next operation Hamas plans four years from now, it's going to again do nothing but try to kidnap hundreds more. And so to save those future potential hostages, we have to adopt a strategy that's very aggressive now. But don't worry, because that's how Hamas will understand that the rules of the game have changed.

Aviv, isn't there always a risk, though, that how far do you extend that logic? Because you could extend that logic as to say, No, 50 hostages is not enough. We're going to keep pounding until we get surrender of Hamas, unconditional surrender, or we get all the hostages out. You could take that logic pretty far. I had Amos Harrel on a few days ago, and he made the argument that whenever Israel's offered hostages in any deal, there's always a risk that if it doesn't take those hostages in the moment, as the conflict drags on, as the war drags on, Israel loses control of the situation and loses control of their ability to get those hostages down the road because they get scattered, they get killed. It's a fluid dynamic situation. The discussions go dormant. He talked about the story of Ron and Rudd, where there was some negotiation. This is decades ago for the return of Ron and Rudd, who was an Israeli soldier captured. There was some negotiation and the negotiation went dark and then they just lost it. They lost the thread, they lost control of the situation, and they never got him back alive.

Isn't there a risk whenever Israel has offered hostages that it goes the direction of Ron a Rudd? And so isn't Galant under that logic? You could take that logic pretty far, but there's massive risk in taking that logic farther and farther and farther.

Yes. War is not math. Back in the Civil War, I remember reading once that when you line up men early on in modern warfare with the guns were part of modern warfare, but they still didn't quite understand how to use them. What they would do is they would line up men. What was Pickett's charge in the Civil War? It was essentially a calculation of as we march forward, given how quickly the other side can fire, given how accurate the other side is, I will lose for every four seconds or 20 seconds X % of the men marching, and I have to start marching with enough of a force to reach the other side with a fighting force that can kill the other sides and punch through the other side's lines. It was essentially an engineering problem, a Civil War battlefield, and that's part of the death toll. It's been a long time since war was an engineering problem, and certainly the non-conventional war we're talking about here, the guerrilla war, the urban warfare, it's so complex. There's so many variables. There's so much opportunity to surprise. It is not an open battlefield. There's nothing conventional about it.

You don't have control of the battlefield at all, ever. Israel's success is now, essentially, Israel has walked into all the Hamas traps. We, and managed carefully through competence and training and probably some luck to avoid any major Hamas trap, we think, right? Unless the big traps are all in Khan Yunis and this is all a faint, Gaza City, which is entirely possible in terms of Hamas's strategy. Long story short, we don't know how the war is going to go. We don't know at what point we are sealing some tunnel entrance, and that's where the hostages were going to be able to get out of. We've actually sealed them in. We don't know any of these questions. At some point, Hamas forces might, as they're being degraded by Israel, lose the ability to find hostages, to get the hostages out. Some place where they're being hidden might be the place that we've destroyed. So all of that is true. You wait a certain amount of time. You might not be able to get the hostages. You don't wait long enough, you'll get half the hostages. It is a guessing game, a very complicated one. There are no right answers.

My view is we got some out, we celebrate it. We can try and get more out. We will always try and get more out. There'll always be an ability for Hamas to buy a little more time with hostages. What we're not going to do is allow Hamas to survive. They're not going to buy their survival with these hostages. That's simply not something Israel can afford.

Javi, I just want to stay on this point for a moment. When you say that this war cannot be done effectively until Hamas is gone, not a fraction of Hamas surviving, not a derivative of Hamas surviving, but any remnant, version, or future version of Hamas cannot be on Israel's southern border when this war ends. Because when I talk to folks here in the West, many people don't fully appreciate that hundreds of thousands of Israelis have had to evacuate their homes in the south. These are people who are living a kilometer or a couple of kilometers from the Gaza border, and they will not go back. These Israelis will not go back living in such proximity to that border unless they know that October seventh can happen again. When I say this to people, they say, Oh, well, they can move to other parts of Israel. But again, this is something that I find that people in the West don't entirely appreciate, that if Israelis can't live in some parts of Israel, they can't live in any part of Israel. It's not just about, Oh, if they don't live in, they'll move up to Beirheba. Then the folks who are already in Beirheba, if it gets too crowded, they can move up to Tel Aviv.

The whole country can just start moving north, migrating north, and we'll have this buffer that if Israelis feel insecure in any part of Israel, they will feel insecure in all of Israel.

I think that's right. In other words, when the Israelis say Hamas can't survive because it's a threat, they mean Hamas can't survive because it is an intolerable threat. But I also think that there's a little bit complicated. Let's see if I can try and lay this out. What does Israel see in Hamas? What is the actual challenge of Hamas? And what is the challenge of the war in Gaza? Incidentally, how do Israelis see the civilian death toll in Gaza that everyone else is seeing? It's not something that we are avoiding. You can't physically avoid it. You can't log into social media and avoid it. Okay. How do we understand it? I think it all connects. What is the threat of Hamas? How do we understand the war in Gaza? What lens are we looking at the Gozhan civilian death toll, the horrific civilian death toll in Gaza? How do we understand it? I think that basically there are, I'll put it like this, and this is drawing from one of my teachers, a historian named Alex Jacobson at Hebrew University, who points out that Hamas is an enemy unlike any enemy ever fought by any army in the history of warfare.

It's similar to many enemies, but this particular combination of characteristics is unique. It is in some ways a terror group, a guerrilla terror group that fades away into the civilian population, hides among the civilian population. Israel says Hamas hides behind, I don't know, hides inside cities. Then the pro-Palestinian crowd says, Well, the military headquarters of the IDF is in the middle of Tel Aviv. So it's the same, right? But of course, that is not true. The vast majority of military targets in Israel are not among civilians. Most standing armies, the vast majority, all standing armies, the vast majority of their military targets are not among civilians, whereas with Hamas, 100% of its targets are civilian targets. In other words, every single rocket launcher is next to a hospital or a school or a home or a mosque. Every single tunnel entrance is inside a residential building. Every single installation, every single thing. There is nothing Hamas that is out in a field outside of Gaza City. Everything is in a built-up residential area where civilians live. In that sense, it's a terror group. But there's another sense in which it's a state. It has controlled the government and it has controlled the economy of a particular strip of land for 15 years, for 2007, so slightly more than 17 years.

It has controlled the entire economy. It has been funded and trained to have real sustained military forces by Iran, by Qatar. It has absorbed billions in international aid, which it has simply robbed, blind. I mean, everybody knows this now. Israelis were saying it for a long time. Now everybody knows it. But it has taken in massive amounts of cement that it used to build these massive tunnel networks on the scale of a small city. It did that because it has these features of a state. One final feature that is unique, it's a tiny strip of land that it controlled as this city state, which is not true, for example, of ISIS. We make the comparison of the American-led coalition in Mosul in 2016, where muscle was essentially flattened. 11,000 civilians were killed by a conservative estimate. There are estimates by British intelligence, for example, that maybe up to 40,000 civilians were killed. Over nine months of fighting, massive, massive bombardment as the Americans came in, they were the envelope, the air, the intelligence, the commandos. But the ground forces were either Kurdish, Pishmerika, or Iraqi army. They moved in and they-.

Iraqi.

Security force. Right. They systematically pushed ISIS out of that city. Isis had been entrenched in that city. They had dug a few tunnels, a few bunkers, nothing remotely. With ISIS, huge amounts of ISIS activities had to happen above ground. The Americans could sit there quietly and calmly with satellites and drones and wait for an ISIS fighter to pop up out of the ground and then take them out. Now, Hamas in Gaza can stay ontheir ground for months. They simply do not have to go above ground to maneuver in any way. The only way to get to them is to cut through a city. This is a unique challenge. When people say to me, I encounter a lot of people expressing urgent moral anger and urgent emotions at me because times of Israel and journalist and Twitter and all those mechanisms that we have today. I get a lot of this emotion. I say to them, My first thought is just let's think a second. In order to think a second, I concede everything. Let's imagine the Israelis are heartless, callous, awful people. Let's just assume that for the purpose of the conversation. They're still facing a military challenge of getting through this very unique set of circumstances that Hamas has, so many of the advantages of a state, and yet the basic founding strategy and capacity to disappear behind the civilian population of a guerrilla group, of a terror group, and the combination is absolutely unique.

It might be similar to what's happening with Hezbolla in South Lebanon, where 150,000 rockets lie under homes, under villages. There is no rocket, not under a village. That's the challenge Israel faces. Now, Casa City's buildings are essentially uninhabitable. That city essentially now, it has to be rebuilt to a significant extent. I don't know, all of it, every section, every part, but large sections of it just literally have to be built from the ground up again. The only way to get to Hamas, the only way to achieve the battlefield success the Israelis have achieved is that. That's, by the way, not an exoneration of the Israeli army for every single airstrike. You find an airstrike, that's not okay. I might agree with you. I'm not saying literally this was the right bomb to use in this occasion. But the basic military challenge is that until October seventh, because of these unique features of Hamas that make it almost impossible to actually remove from Gaza, it has built itself. It has done nothing for 15 years except build this entrenchment under Gaza's very dense population. Until October seventh, there was nothing Hamas would do that the Israelis could imagine that was worth the cost of getting Hamas out of there.

Because there is no way to fight this war in Gaza. Hamas made sure of it. There literally is no way to fight this war in Gaza without tens of thousands of dead civilians. That's different from… It's far, far more difficult than ISIS. Isis was tens of thousands of dead civilians. This is 10 times harder. They've had 15 years and an infinite supply of cement and billions and aid and everything of the Bosnian economy turned to that task for a decade and a half. The Israeli army, until October seventh, could not imagine undertaking the task of actually destroying Hamas. It wasn't worth the cost. It wasn't worth the cost to Gazans, and therefore the knock-on cost to Israel internationally, diplomatically, etc. After October seventh and after the understanding that this is Hamas and that Hamas are undeterrible because they thought they were safe, because they thought we wouldn't come after them into Gaza, because they thought that civilian death toll, which they have built, they have built all of Gaza's infrastructure to ensure that death toll, protected them. After October seventh, the Israelis concluded that that was no longer the case. They would have to essentially take on that cost for the for the Gozans and for the Israelis.

The challenge, what Hamas became on October seventh, and it had been doing it for years, that's what the rockets were. Terror groups don't control strategic weapons like rockets. That's unique to terror groups that control territory, that control city states to this new version of terror groups that has started constructing in the Middle East, of which Hamas is the most advanced, but there's also advanced in terms of controlling the territory. There's also Hezbole and Lebanon. The Houtis in Yemen are starting to do this. You have this terror group that buries itself under civilian population and has these strategic weapons and becomes a strategic threat and thinks that it's protected by those civilians. Those Israelis who cannot live on that border, Hamas has made itself a threat. The very idea that you think across the border that you could be safe to threaten us strategically because you're hiding behind civilians to that extent and forcing us to go through the civilians to get to you, that premise has to be destroyed. That premise. Now, the Israelis need to make sure that every attack is justified. They need to make sure that they know what's happening. They can't flatten a city for no reason.

The useful… The reason muscle is a useful example analogy is that the Americans were unbelievably careful and still managed to flatten a city. They were unbelievably careful. But every time they struck one little building very carefully with very specific and very targeted and precise weaponry to get that one cell that was called in from the ground forces that was shooting at the ground forces, that cell relocated. They had to shoot at the next building. Then that cell again moved. Then they shot at the next building. They ended up destroying an entire neighborhood, chasing 150 soldiers who were shooting at the ground forces. But the whole neighborhood was flattened with extremely precise weapons. The example of muscle just is a way of understanding how difficult it is to do when you're desperately trying to be precise. The Americans bombed hospitals and the Americans did all the things that… But the intensity of the death toll is a feature of Gaza. Incidentally, it might be a feature of South Lebanon if that war goes north because Hezbolla has the same strategy. Those Israelis have to be safe. If they have to be safe, the only way for them to be safe is to make hiding behind civilians militarily not useful, which means we still have to get Hamas out of Gaza, even at that cost.

Javiv, you just in talk about Mosul, you just reminded me of something that you've referenced in a conversation with me, I think. I'm trying to remember where I heard you talking about it, but I've been thinking about it in recent days, so I just want to bring it up. You pointed out that the internet in Mosul, because we're talking about Mosul right now, so I just want to put a pin in this, in Mosul and the US operation against and the Iraqi security forces and the Peshmerga operation against ISIS and Mosul, ISIS was like Hamas as today, using medical facilities, hospitals as infrastructural human shields effectively. And international human rights groups like Human Rights Watch or Amnesty International had put out reports saying this is in violation of the Geneva Conventions. What ISIS is doing by using hospitals as cover for command centers, for storing munitions, for whatever makes it a legitimate target now in the context of war. They've lost the protection allotted to afforded to medical facilities under the Geneva Conventions. I think you cited that there were reports from the international human rights groups pointing that out in in Mosul and those same human rights groups today on what's happening in Gaza are silent.

Do I have that right in terms of having.

Referenced this? Unfortunately, they're not silent. They're arguing that it is not legitimate, that it is not okay to target hospitals if they're used as active, not military installations in the sense that soldiers are being cared for, they are who are wounded, but active military installations in the sense of their platforms for firing rockets. They're places that active fighting forces are organizing in, things like that. Yeah, the human rights world is a group of lawyers. I'm going to give them the benefit of the doubt and say they're deeply well meaning. Everything we just talked about until now, they don't understand. In other words, if you want to craft the actual laws of war, the actual laws of armed conflict, the actual Geneva Conventions were put together by people who tried to think as a soldier, who tried to say, One second, if I make it illegal to win a war, nobody's going to follow these rules. I have to make war legal and I have to make winning a war legal. Doing what it takes to win a war has to be legal. If I want to reduce the horrific costs of war, it has to be possible to fight a war under these rules.

What you have today is not that impulse. It's not that interest in the general's problem because you must solve the general's problem. If you were to come to Human Rights Watch or there was some, I don't know, better version of Human Rights Watch and you were to come to it and the Israelis were to come to it and say, Look, I have this problem of Hamas. It's been digging under Gaza for 15 years. After October seventh, I can no longer afford for it to exist on my border. I'm going to destroy Hamas. That's the given. I'm going to destroy Hamas. Please help me do it gentler, but not at the cost of destroying Hamas because then you're out of the room. If this Israeli government doesn't destroy Hamas, they'll be kicked out and somebody will be elected who will destroy Hamas. It doesn't even matter if you think that destroying Hamas is impossible under some laws of war you've decided are the laws of war. If you don't let me win this war, I will not obey your rules. But I do want to think of myself. I do want to know that I'm doing what needs to be done to be moral.

I don't want to commit crimes of war, by which I mean I don't want to do more damage than is necessary. So tell me how to do that. The answer you get today from these organizations is, I don't have to tell you how to do that. I just have to tell you that there's no possible reason in human history or in logic, or that this particular family that we read about in the news report from Gaza that was killed in an Israeli airstrike should have been killed. That's just insane. The heart refuses to believe. If you don't grasp what we're feeling about this dead family with these dead children, you're the monster. You're the callous monster. When I put out the report, I'm going to write it in all these legal ways. I'm going to use legal language. But what I'm not going to try to do and what Human Rights Watch doesn't try to do is actually solve your military problem in ways that reduce the cost. They're no longer accessible. The international law, as it is actually used, as it is actually advanced by these self-proclaimed, moral advocates, moral judges of all human activity, no longer helps me.

I remember being a young soldier on the Lebanese border, looking at South Lebanon, and I had just read something about international law. There I am, I don't know, 19 maybe, and I see the villages of Hezballah. I know that under those villages are, at the time, tens of thousands of rockets. I know that the war that Hezballah is planning, I know that it will destroy those villages. Where's international law? What does it do? I know that there's a UN force. There are UN forces. After 2006, there's UNIFIL. I know on the Golan Heights, there's a UN force, which doesn't, again, do anything matter, doesn't give reports that are honest or serious. It's basically just trying to survive itself, sitting there sandwiched between the Israelis and Hezbole. I basically come to believe, I personally, Kaviv, came to believe that international laws is a fiction of the very, very powerful people in this world, the Americas, the Britons, the Francis, the Germans. It is a fiction of the powerful to talk about their power in moral ways. The Americans, after World War II, suddenly found themselves as this immense superpower. Americans always like to think of themselves, and West Europeans after World War II, like to think of themselves as profoundly moral societies, and their political and strategic discourse has to be moral.

International law is a way for them to say that their power is a moral thing rather than just immense power. Actual people who need international law, small nations, poor nations, abused nations, the Bosnians, the Uyghurs, the Tutsis, they are not protected by international law. The actual mechanisms of international law don't kick in. Nobody comes to save you. Human Rights Watch is, in my view, and I think this is the basic Israeli mainstream view, in as much as Israelis notice these people or think about these people, which they don't because they refuse to talk to us, I have come to treat them as people who, instead of giving me solutions that are more moral than the solutions I would otherwise adopt in overtime, have just told me that my fighting itself is immoral. Don't know how to do that, say that to Hamas in a way that actually protects me from Hamas, and so just essentially have come to tell me that protecting myself is immoral.

Okay. I want to move now. We talked a little bit at the beginning of this conversation about the days and weeks ahead. I just want to come back to that before we wrap. Does Sinwar at least have a better control of the clock now? He didn't have control of the clock at the beginning for the reasons you articulated at the beginning, because Israel said, We are going in, we're going in hard, and we are going to delay conversations about hostage exchanges until we start unleashing the full force or some version of the full force of Israeli military might on Hamas. Now, the psychology of the images of hostages returning is like a new chapter. Israelis basically, other than that first week when those fewer than five hostages were returned, Israelis have not really experienced what it's experienced over the last few days. It's like this is a story. It's like a new act in the story. It's a plot twist. I'm not trying to trivialize it, but it's just a whole new dynamic. I've just been following the press coverage inside Israel. The press coverage inside Israel has just changed understandably so dramatically in the last few days.

What can Sinwa do to capitalize on that change? I think it sounds to me like you're skeptical that he can capitalize on it, but I just want to stay on that for a little bit because I'm not sure you're right. He's watching the humanity of the Israelis, the vulnerability of the Israelis in these images. What could he do with that?

It cuts both ways. He's got us by our most painful pressure point, our inability to protect those children. He kept millions of Israelis sleepless for, I don't know, the first two weeks I wasn't sleeping. I don't know friends or neighbors who were sleeping. That's what Israel is. Israel is, that's our civic religion. That's their religion. We violated it. We violated it when Hamas could walk into those homes and steal those children. Hamas understands that. What it, I think, has begun to understand, the fact that it agreed to ceasefire. Early on, a month ago, it offered a few dozen hostages, roughly this number, in exchange for a month-long ceasefire. Israel didn't even bother to respond. That has come down to 50 hostages for four days of quiet, four days of essentially just standing still in the battlefield. That tells me that they've begun to understand. The very thing that they did that makes me stop shooting out of a desperation to get another kid out and another kid out, out of a desperation to claw back something of my own crime, of my own betrayal, of thoseIsraelis, of those Israelis, of those kids. That is exactly the very thing that will be driving the war effort the day the hostages stop coming out.

In other words, Sinoir has the ability to keep the quiet for as long as the hostages are coming out at a meaningful pace. He can play with us. He can cut 12 or 13 a day down to 10 a day, probably even seven a day. If he goes below that, my assessment of Israeli psychology isn't just that the war is back. It's that the war is back and Israelis remember what it's about. Not about getting those specific hostages out, about removing the threat to all of our children, all of our towns, all of our families, which Hamas has vowed to be. It's not that I think that sinoir isn't clever. The enemy will always surprise you. It's in the nature of war. Hamas are going to have a few startling battlefield surprises, which is something that I know and it terrifies me. I have family going into the battlefield. But it's that the very thing that is stopping our fire right now is the thing that will restart it. I don't think Sinair has a lot of maneuvering room here to manipulate us anymore. He's used up. He has done what is for us the worst thing that could be done.

That's very liberating to already be after the worst thing that could happen.

Two final questions. One, at the beginning of this conversation, you said there were families who were released, but their father was not. That was because part of the deal was that men would not be released. The focus was on children and women. But isn't part of the dynamic also is that they want to keep to the extent Hamas wants to keep families split, so that when families return, Israeli families return to Israel, they still live in fear and are somewhat restrained because they know they have an immediate loved one still in captivity?

Yeah, that has always been Hamas's strategy from the beginning. It was, by the way, an Israeli demand. All the children come out with their mothers, the mothers with the children. There is no other alternative. One of the child hostages that came out last night came out without her mother. Hamas said to the Israelis, We can't find the mother. We want you to know we're sticking to the deal, but we literally just can't find the mother. But instead of the little girl, we'll let out a couple of the older women, a couple of the grandmothers, and then the little girl stays with the mother. But we have the girl. We don't have the mother. We don't know where the mother is. Israel said, No, let the little girl out. That was an exception. But the very fact that that back and forth took place, which has been reported in Israeli media, tells me that for Israel, let's make a break. In other words, you will not let out kids without a mother. You will not let a mother out and leave her kids behind. That is not part of this game. You've seen, for example, on the first day, they were all from kibbutz Niroz because they were all these family groups.

Last night, they were all from kibbutz-Beirie. That's an Israeli condition, but the men are excluded from that equation. Yes, Hamas has tried their best to keep as many families as possible, tethered to the crisis, to keep them as a pressure group on the Israeli government because it is convinced that if there is a successful campaign by these families, that's going to limit the Israeli war effort. They don't yet grasp once more that it's also validating the Israeli war effort in the Israeli discourse.

When you say that it's validating the Israeli war effort in the Israeli discourse, this is from left to right. In other words, if you look at the Israeli political spectrum, represented by some political parties on the on the most extreme rights, some of which are populating this government, but all the way to the left to, who's the leader of the Labor Party, who would never in a million years have anything to agree with this government. As it relates to the war being waged and how it's being waged, there's more or less a consensus, a political consensus we really haven't seen. I don't know the last time I've seen this.

- Ever. I have no memory. I've never read about such a moment in Israeli history. Yeah, it reaches leftward all the way into progressive anti-occupation activists who have been writing over the last six six things like, Hamas is the Palestinian rhetoric that defeated and destroyed the Israeli left. Hamas is, they want to blame Israel. They think the Israeli occupation, Israeli heartlessness is at the heart of the the whole thing. If you solved Israel, you would solve everything. Yet they they here is Hamas validating to to the… This the far, far Israeli left, validating to.

The Israeli- Israeli- If you If you solve the Palestinian problem, you solve everything.

No, meaning the Israeli occupation is not a security need. The military regime regime the West Bank is not a security need. It is because Israel is in thrawl to its extreme right, whatever, settler settler These are people who believe that Israel is the agent here, has agency. The Palestinians are simply and abused by basically a colonizing power. They don't think of Tel Aviv as colonizing. They are Israelis, basically mainstream Israelis, but on the far left edge of that, of that Israeli mainstream. They do think that in the West Bank, it's exactly that. The occupation has to end. They have been writing over the last six weeks, weeks, destroy Hamas, then we can end the occupation much more easily and quickly. Because the moral calculus in Gaza is Hamas can't be allowed to exist. The existence of Hamas makes us a fringe movement in Israel because Israelis think, left-wing Israelis, Israelis who want a Palestinian state in theory, absolutely convinced that any inch of territory they withdraw from will be filled by Hamas and and bring on them more October seventh. Yes, this is is an If you isolate out this question of Hamas from the larger Israeli-Palestinian conflict, if you do that, you have 90-plus % of Israelis.

Incidentally, huge numbers of Israeli-Arabs, a surprising numbers of Israeli-Arabs. I don't know the exact.

Number, but- Can you spend a minute on that? Yeah. No, no, but I saw this poll by the Israel Democracy Institute that shows solidarity among Israelis has been the highest it's ever been in decades. Part of the reason for that sky-high solidarity is Israeli Jews and solidarity with the state, Israeli Jews, and especially, interestingly, interestingly, Hareedim, Jews who've been somewhat living a a quasi-living in separate world from the rest of Israel, or so the characterization goes. Then even Israeli Arabs are registering high numbers in terms of solidarity with other Israelis, including Israeli Jews, and with the state.

The IDI poll asked for for releasing all the hostages, restoring deterrence, distancing Gaza residents by creating a buffer zone on the border, and toppling Hamas. These are four potential war goals that the IDI poll, the Israel Democracy Institute poll, asked Israelis, Arabs, and Jews. It found 94% of Jews, 94% of Jews prioritized prioritized extremely important toppling Hamas, and 29% of Arabs. One-third of Arab Israelis want toppling Hamas to be a major priority. Releasing the hostages for the Jews is also 93%. Among Arabs, it's 66%. It's important to remember there are Arab-Muslim hostages. There are Arab-Muslims murdered. There is a a Bedouin battalion in the IDF that put out a music video as it boarded a helicopter head to Gaza, talking to Hamas and telling Hamas we're coming to take revenge against Hamas for massacring Bedouin Muslims during the October seventh of the massacre. Restoring deterrence as a a war 90% of Jews, 61% of Israeli Arabs. Restoring deterrence against Hamas, 61% of Israeli Arabs. Support even for the buffer zone is one and four among Israeli Arabs. Now, Israeli Arabs who don't support those things as a priority of the war, that doesn't mean they don't want those things.

In other words, that doesn't mean they don't want hostages released, want deterrence, want safety, want Hamas gone. They just don't think that maybe it justifies the death toll in Gaza, which they're, of course, seeing in Arabic all over their media and television, etc. There is a level of calm, a level of unity, a level of acceptance of each other. We've seen, I think there were five or six killed in the war, Israeli soldiers killed from the Jews community. That has launched among the Jews a new online campaign for changing the the nation law, which a lot of the Jews minority of Israel saw as a law that excluded them or marginalized them. That was passed back in 2018. A startling number of Jews jumping in and saying, Yeah, you're right. What were we doing? The old politics, that that old populism. We really need to tell you you don't belong? I mean, never mind.

That- Just to be clear, I just want to because these words can get blurred. You're talking about the Druz, D-R-U-Z-E, the Druz community is organizing this campaign to change the nation state law, which was controversial for non-Jewish Israelis. You're saying that now even Jewish Israelis are agreeing with the Druz on this point.

Right. The the Defenders of the nation state law, the people who advanced advanced thought that they were advancing something that would change how the Supreme Court would rule on certain questions and certain issues. But it is a law that defines Israel as the nation state of the Jewish people, which in itself is not unique and not strange. But the right-wing, as it crafted this law, resisted putting in also a statement, an explicit statement of equality for minorities, not because a lot of these right-wingers who voted for it don't don't believe in for minorities. They do and have advanced anti-prejudice legislation and various various things. They didn't think it needed to be a constitutional part of the law defining Israel as the Jewish people. This is an old debate. I've written about it a lot. The entire country was was debating and discussing all this. But the point is that the debate was dead. The debate was gone. Now the Jews are saying, Hey, you notice whose side of the war we're on. You notice that when when the of the Middle East start shooting, we're with you Jews. Why don't we feel like you grasp that?

Why don't we feel like you accept us? My feeling is that if we, the Jewish majority of Israel, can't get the Jews to believe that we see them and treat them as as equals. That's a gap that we have to. That's on us. Among the Palestinian, Arab, Muslim minority of Israel. There is a faction, probably a quarter, maybe up to 40%, different polls say different things, who think of themselves primarily as Palestinian nationalists. There there's this huge ethnic and nationalist conflict, and there's all this politics, and there's a lot of populists on both sides. I'm trying hard not to get into it, even though I do have opinions on it and have written about about it, just not relevant to this conversation. I'm not avoiding the issue, I promise. I just don't want it right here, right now. But with the Jews, they are such utterly loyal loyal They are generals in the IDF. They are people with much higher security clearance than I have from the Jews community that the whole idea that their fate is so utterly intertwined with ours and their young men and women are serving and dying alongside ours. The idea that we are not utterly, totally, not just equality, but equity, as the progressives say, not just equity, but the feeling and experience of of belonging not something that is theirs, tells me that even if I have some criticism of the Arab leadership or the Arab community in this way or another, I'm failing.

I am failing at this and I need to do better. That is a conversation on prejudice and on marginalization and on minorities that has begun to be sparked in this war out of solidarity, out of that wartime solidarity of the Jews. That is a sign of unity. That is a sign of listening in in a that we weren't listening before. That is a sign that our politics have shifted in some very deep ways. We're seeing Arab, Muslim, Israelis, Israelis, whose primary… are people with layered identities because they are living between these two worlds, Israeli and Arab and Jewish and Palestinian and Muslim and all these different worlds that they interact with. They have these layered identities. They see themselves as Palestinians. They feel more connected than ever before. The overall level of connection to the state from the poll you referenced referenced is like 72% say they identify with Israel. That is immense for our Arab minority. It's a wonderful thing. It's the highest ever. It has to be something that advances going forward. It can't just be because Hamas, on October seventh, looked super like ISIS, and so these people got scared of Hamas.

It has to be something that we know how to carry forward and advance and make sure it sticks. Yes, this is a moment of unity, and it's also a challenge to to Jewish Israel. I hope, I know, I certainly will try to do my part that we meet that challenge.

Aviv, we'll include these polls we're referencing in the show notes because I think it's an extremely important topic. One I couldn't have anticipated Israel dealing with on October sixth. Sixth. And here we are. It just opens my eyes in ways that are very powerful. Powerful. And I wrote a little bit about these trends in the Arab community in our new book, but even this is a whole other level than we could have anticipated. We will leave it there, Haviv. Thank you, as always. I will check in with you again in a week, and and God willing, in person soon after that. Until then, may we continue to get more news like we've gotten over the last few days of Israelis returning home safely. And hope you and your family stay safe.

Thank you, Dan.

That's our show for today. To keep up with Javiv Ret Gour, you can find him on X. You can find his work at the the of of timesofisrael. Com. We cite some polling data on minority groups in Israel and their attitudes towards solidarity with the Israeli people, with the state of Israel, which which we post in the show notes. Call me me It's produced by Elon Benitar. Until next time, I'm your host, Dan Seynor.