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This is the Global News podcast from the BBC World Service. I'm Alex RedZone. And in the early hours of Sunday, the 25th of October, these are our main stories. France recalls its ambassador to Turkey after President Erdogan lashes out against Emmanuel Macron over his pledge to protect secular values against radical Islam. Ethiopia says it won't tolerate threats after President Trump said this about its dam on the River Nile.

It's a very dangerous situation because Egypt is not going to be able to live that way and they'll end up blowing up the dam. And I said it. They say it loud and clear. They'll blow up the dam.

Also in this podcast hopes artificial intelligence could help diagnose Alzheimer's disease and why a Japanese train company believes the yelps of dogs and the howls of wolves could help it resolve a chronic problem.

France is still reeling from a deadly attack on a schoolteacher near Paris earlier this month. The man was beheaded allegedly in retaliation for showing cartoons of the Prophet Muhammad to his students. But President Emmanuel Macron's response to the attack saying France would not be deterred from showing images of Muhammad and pledging to defend secular society from Islamists has raised the ire of Muslim leaders around the world. Several Arab countries have called for a boycott of French goods, and the Turkish president, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, has claimed Mr.

Macron needs psychological help.

The hell of that, my call needs treatment on the mental level. What else can be said to a head of state who does not understand freedom of belief and who behaves in this way to millions of people living in his country who are members of a different faith?

In the wake of those comments, France has recalled its ambassador to Turkey. But this is just the latest flashpoint in a rivalry between Turkey and France, which has lasted for years. Our Europe regional editor, Danny Eberhardt told me more.

There have been a number of issues when they're at loggerheads. I mean, for example, we've got the conflict in Nagorno Karabakh. Turkey is a very strong ally of Azerbaijan, whereas France is closer to Armenia, has a large Armenian diaspora population. So that's one area of conflict. There's been heated exchanges between the two sides in the past about Syria, with France backing the Kurdish groups and the Turks being violently opposed to some of those groups. So they've clashed about that and notably Turkey's incursion into northern Syria with its troops.

There have been disagreements over Libya. France has accused Turkey of violating UN arms embargo and interfering in Libya in its support of the internationally recognized government in Tripoli and also that the eastern Mediterranean. So the dispute between Turkey, Greece and Cyprus about maritime exploration rights for oil and gas. So there's a number of issues and they regularly face off the two leaders.

How will President Macron respond? Well, the French an official in his office, as I've already described the comments as unacceptable and urged President Erdogan to change tack, is he said it was a dangerous course to go down, basically. And they've also they're recalling the French ambassador to to Ankara for consultations. So this has all the makings of a very real that's about to to keep on running.

And President Erdogan has also accused German authorities of targeting Muslims with a recent police raid. What happened there?

Well, in that particular case, it was a raid on a mosque in Berlin in a financial investigation into alleged malpractice with coronavirus funding. This is separate from something, for example, such as a raid on on an institution because of suspicions about radical Islam. It's slightly different, but President Erdogan sees himself very much as a figure who protects Muslim communities around the world. He's got an active engagement with Muslim communities and funds a lot of Turkish Muslim organizations in different parts of the world.

So he's very strident, he says, as he has in the past. He said that basically some behavior in Europe is akin to fascism. He's saying these are attacks on Muslim civilians. So he's portraying himself very much as the protector of European Muslim groups.

Our Europe regional editor Danny Eberhart.

Ethiopia has responded angrily after President Trump made comments on a giant down the country's been building on its part of the Nile down river. Countries such as Egypt and Sudan are afraid their water supplies will be severely affected by the dam. And Mr. Trump said Egypt was likely to blow it up. He made his comments in a conversation with the prime minister of Sudan.

It's a very dangerous situation because Egypt is not going to be able to live that way and they'll end up blowing up the dam. And they said it. They said loud and clear, they'll blow up that dam and they have to do something. So whatever you can do to get them Ethiopia to do that and they're going to have to OK, and we've cut off our payment and everything else. It was terrible. We're all set to sign a deal that was negotiated for five years and longer than that.

And they couldn't make the deal. And I got the deal done. And then they're getting ready to sign the deal and they broke the deal.

Ethiopia's foreign minister Gedda and Gacha has said the comments were unacceptable and its prime minister, Abu Ahmed, has vowed Ethiopia would never cave in to a. Gretchen, our Africa editor, Mary Harper, is following the story, this is about a dam called the Grand Renaissance Dam that Ethiopia has been building for years. Ethiopia has a huge population of nearly 100 million people. It's developing quickly. It says it desperately needs electricity to power it forward. And meanwhile, Egypt and Sudan are terrified that this huge dam is going to starve them of crucial waters from the River Nile upon which they survive.

And the Americans were trying to mediate a deal between the three countries, which Ethiopia eventually gave up on negotiating because it said that the US was too close to Egypt.

So it now looks like Donald Trump is further stoking up tensions by issuing this very provocative statement saying that Egypt is going to have to end up by blowing up the dam. And Ethiopia has responded absolutely furiously, accusing President Trump of inciting war and saying that the prime minister Ahmed's office issued a statement saying the Ethiopians never kneel down to people who provoke them. So there's real fighting talk going on on all sides at the moment about an issue that has failed to reach any resolution for years and years and years.

How serious are Mr. Trump's comments and why is he so keen to get involved in this? It's interesting. I think we can't see it as a coincidence that Donald Trump made these remarks whilst he was actually announcing that Sudan was taking steps to normalize relations with Israel, which is an absolutely massive event in itself. And it's possible that now that he's cozying up with Sudan, which is not happy with Ethiopia because of this giant dam, maybe he's deciding to try to provoke Ethiopia, to anger Ethiopia, to show that he's on the side of Sudan and Egypt in this very hot issue.

But at the same time, these very bellicose words from both Donald Trump and the Ethiopian authorities, they're not necessarily anything new. There's been a lot of statements from countries like Egypt over the years, also very inflammatory. So there's always a lot of very hot words that are said over this dam.

And at the same time, no actual sort of war action has been taken on the ground. It's rather in the hot air than actual fighting that takes place.

Our Africa editor, Mary Harper. For weeks, there have been street protests in Thailand demanding widespread reform of the country's powerful and influential monarchy. Now the king himself appears to have intervened in a most unusual way. Jonathan Head reports from Bangkok.

King way to a long horn is rarely in Thailand. He prefers to live in Germany. And when he is here, he typically presides over formal occasions in which there's little opportunity for interaction with ordinary people. However, he broke that custom on Friday night, coming out from a temple ceremony with queen suited, spending some time with a crowd of well-wishers and speaking to a few of them. He thanked a man who'd held up a portrait of his father during an anti-government rally, saying he'd been brave to do so.

He also thanked a militant royalist monk notorious for his role in the street violence that preceded the military coup six years ago. The monarchy is officially held to be above political disputes, and the palace has until now said nothing about the protests, which have increasingly put calls for the institution's power and spending to be accountable at the heart of their campaign. The government is also now calling for more public demonstrations of loyalty to the monarchy. The protests have been largely peaceful for three months, but royalists may now feel emboldened to come out and confront the student led reform movement, raising the risk of clashes between the two sides.

Jonathan had for decades actually has been considered one of the most stable countries in South America.

But deep inequalities made worse by the coronavirus pandemic have driven millions to call for change. This weekend, Chileans are voting on a new version of the Constitution. Our South America correspondent Katie Watson reports on the debate underlying the constitutional vote.

Chile is a country used to earthquakes, but few expected the shake up that we've seen this past year. In just 12 months, Chile went from being an oasis of stability as its president, Sebastian Pinera described it, to a country wanting to rewrite the rules. It all started last October when the capital Santiago hiked its metro ticket prices by just four US cents. It represented the tipping point, unleashing anger and resentment among millions struggling to make ends meet in a country that on the surface looked like it was succeeding.

Chile has seen its poverty rate plummet in the last couple of decades, but it still remains one of the most unequal countries in the world. For weeks last year, hundreds of thousands took to the streets to call for change. Banging pots and pans in protest. Many blame the current constitution. It was drawn up in 1980 under former dictator Augusto Pinochet in a modern democracy. There's no place for it. Critics argue, and it gives a great deal of power to the private sector in providing basic services like education, health and even water.

The old system, they said, needed to change if thought it was enacted.

Under pressure, the president agreed to hold a referendum.

He may not be allowed in here. But like so many things, the protests stopped abruptly in March because of covid-19, and the referendum originally scheduled for April was delayed. The pandemic, though, has made the crucial issues of inequality even more pertinent than ever. Claudio Fuentes is a political scientist at Diego Portales University in Santiago.

The fact that the poor are the most affected by the economy is probably the most compelling that I'll leave for you regarding all these social inequalities.

And I think that this is why there are so much expectations on the private side, the people who return to the streets to campaign ahead of Sunday's vote. Philippe Barada is an activist who's been supporting the protest movement from the very start.

You think of doing it on the scale of the problem that Chile has and the social movement have shown is that it's a system made just for a few people. It guarantees impunity, impunity and that dignified life for the privileged few.

Well, we want to have is a constitution that guarantees equality and rights for everyone, although Chileans are expected to approve a new constitution. There are critics, those who say the current sets of rules help this country to prosper and tearing it up could bring economic instability at the worst possible time. Patricio Navia is a political scientist of the origin of the Constitution.

And the origin of today's Chile is clearly illegitimate. It's based on the military dictatorship that violating human rights, but precisely to the needs to look forward. It needs to build a better country. It seems to me that what many people want to do is rewrite history and deny the existence of the presence of intent and the importance in implementing the economic model.

Is it rewriting the past or wanting to move forward with a clean slate, however you look at it, Sunday's vote will define Chile's future. Katie Watson with that report, train company in Japan is attaching a speaker piping the yelps of dogs or wolves to the front of some of its locomotives in a bid to stop a worsening problem. Their strikes will. Leonardo has the details.

This high pitched, rather grating sound will now be a feature along a train line in rural Okayama Prefecture, West Japan, well said that last year there'd been nearly 130 collisions with deer in the area and they're trying new things to bring that number down. Scientists believe that they are attracted to the metal rails, which they like to top up their nutrients. The aim is to see if the howls of the traditional predators may be enough to scare them off the tracks.

Still to come in this podcast, a commuter in Canada takes extreme measures following an altercation on a bus over not wearing a mask. For nearly 50 years, doctors have tested for symptoms of Alzheimer's disease by asking people to describe a drawing of a mother and her children. Now, the simple black and white picture is being combined with artificial intelligence technology to detect the onset of dementia years earlier than before has been Henderson.

Alzheimer's disease affects tens of millions of people worldwide, robbing them of their most precious memories and the ability to do everyday activities. It's hugely debilitating and there's no cure. But it's believed the impact of the disease can be delayed and reduced if it's identified early. Until now, doctors have tested for the early signs of Alzheimer's by asking patients to describe a drawing of a mother doing the washing up while her children steal biscuits from a jar behind her back. Those in the early stages of Alzheimer's are said to give basic descriptions with few details.

Unfortunately for many patients, the changes are often too slight for a doctor to detect. And by the time Alzheimer's is actually diagnosed, it's too late. But now the technology company, IBM and the pharmaceutical giant Pfizer have developed artificial intelligence that makes the process more effective, for example, by analyzing the changes to the patient's language, such as poor grammar and spelling.

Dr AJ Rotaru is from IBM, so it's advancing the window in which the difference can be noticed and once the difference is noticed, can be followed with more accurate tests that will either diagnose or track the patient better so that the clinical practitioner can actually make a more reasonable conclusion on is this different meaning for this patient and what to do with it, you know, should be follow up with additional clinical diagnostic tests, etc..

Mr Reroof said the eye can predict Alzheimer's seven years ahead of a clinical diagnosis with 70 percent accuracy. That's 10 percent more accurate than the usual method. He predicted that this technology will be widely used in hospitals within the next decade.

Ben Anderson, a NASA space probe which successfully collected samples of rock fragments after touching down on the Bennu asteroid earlier this week, is now at risk of losing some of its cargo. The ACARS rex craft was supposed to bring the material back to Earth, but has run into technical problems, as we heard from the British space scientist, Professor Monica Grady.

The storage compartment touched down very briefly. On the surface, material was blown into it, and it seems like one of the larger pieces has got stuck in the door. Now, what this means is that bits and pieces are actually falling away from the sample head. So it's in danger of losing all the material just because this larger chunk has watched the door open, not as if it could be shaken loose or anything like that. So what will happen is the sample head will be put in the casket that's going to bring the material back.

The reason that it wasn't put in straight away was they were going to try and do something clever to get an idea of how much material they'd collected. What they were going to do is they were going to spin the spacecraft or spin the arm with the sample head on it and measure the change, a moment of inertia of the spacecraft to get an idea of how much rock and dust was in the sample. But you can imagine if they did that now, all the material would go.

This is a very, very primitive asteroid. It hasn't been changed for the last 4.5 billion years. It's full of organics, the type of molecules that formed life on Earth and it's full of water. So the building blocks of life and we were going to learn we are going to learn so much when it comes back in 2023.

Professor Monica Grady, the Czech Republic has for the first time reported more than 15000 new coronavirus cases a day. The Prime Minister, Andre Babish, again appealed for people to stay at home as much as possible. From Prague. Here's Rob Cameron.

It was a tale of two cities in the capital. Today on the outskirts, soldiers were testing ventilators at an army field hospital for 500 people conceived as overflow capacity in the event the hospitals collapsed on the banks of the river Vltava in the city centre. People were fishing or strolling along the embankment, some not wearing masks, despite the dense crowds. It's startling how the Czech authorities have failed to drive home their message. covid is serious, and thousands more will die if behavior doesn't change.

It hasn't been helped by yesterday's political turmoil after the health minister was caught by photographers emerging late at night from a restaurant which should have been closed. He's now on the way out, but the timing couldn't possibly have been worse. Rob Cameron in Prague. Many countries in Europe put the clocks back by an hour early on Sunday morning, but there are those who say we should stop arguing that daylight saving was an idea linked to the two world wars designed to conserve energy.

This report from our Europe correspondent, Kevin Connolly.

In the sleepy Black Forest town of Foodbank and a tiny orchestra of model flute players on the top of a clock the size of a Welsh dresser salutes the passing of the hours.

They're little miracles of carpentry and craftsmanship and mechanical engineering. We are in the town's clock museum. There's no better place to reflect on how time passes, how we measure it, and why Germans in particular seem to care so much about it.

We thought we'd come here just because it's the perfect place to measure the growing strength of feeling that the time has come to stop changing the clocks twice a year in Europe. Just abandon the whole idea of summertime.

Good evening. The government says its new then a colleague rummaging in the BBC archive discovered this from 1996.

Government says it intends to abandon the daylight saving scheme. Kevin Connolly reports from Paris.

For the people of France who over the years have grown as accustomed as the people of Britain. Yep, that's me reporting from Paris 24 years ago, proof that the idea of scrapping summertime has been around for a while now.

They have been made in 1944. These are the first clocks having been made by clockmakers.

Yohannes Grav runs a museum and says it really is true that most Germans want to scrap Daylight Saving Time, seeing it as a useless relic of an age when most of us worked in factories or on farms.

Today, people thought, OK, if I want to have a longer evening, then I will go one hour later into bed.

But during the 1970s, people thought that it was a luxury, so the whole society changed.

And today they thought if we want to do it, then we want to do it by ourselves and not directed by the government.

Now there is a serious political push in Europe behind scrapping the twice yearly altering of the clocks.

The Swedish MEP Johan Denilson, who's in charge of the project, says he's sure that putting the clocks forward will soon be a thing of the past.

I get letters from ordinary citizens writing about why we need to abolish climate change, but also what their preference would be within 10 years.

I would hope and believe that we could get rid of this practice. The one person we met in Germany with anything at all good to say about the changing of the clocks was our new flager, who runs a little watch repair store in Freiburg for four US as a business?

It's a good thing because all the people come at this time more than at another time.

This is apparently the time when people realize their timepieces need new batteries. She had a good point, too, about why most Germans do want an end to daylight saving. The idea had its origins during the First World War, when the Kaiser wanted extra daylight to bring in the harvest. It was reintroduced during the second war. Two unhappy memories.

In the Fort Vangent Clock Museum, they will be standing by to reflect the abolition of daylight saving should it ever come. We live in changing times, of course, but maybe not for much longer. That report from our Europe correspondent Kevin Connolly to end this broadcast, a video showing an altercation on a bus in the Canadian city of Vancouver that has gone viral in an incident about covid-19 restrictions that is now being investigated by the city's police. PAETEC often takes up the story.

The footage shows a tit for tat that escalates from name calling to physical violence. In just a few short seconds, a woman is seen standing on a Vancouver city bus. She's not wearing a mask. Although face coverings are mandatory on Vancouver public transit, a voice from nearby can be heard saying the word disgusting, disgusting.

And then, hey, come on.

The woman turns and spits in the face of a man sitting near her. He stands and shoves her once towards the door and then shoves her again right off the bus. She stumbles and falls to the pavement face first.

Vancouver police say they're investigating the incident, but little is known about how the dispute began or even when it took place, the original video has now been deleted from ticktock, but it's been spread by Canadian news outlets and shared thousands of times on social media. The response from the public has largely been one of outrage directed at the woman for spitting on someone during a deadly pandemic. Many on Twitter have said she should face criminal charges, with one user comparing her actions to attempted murder.

But some have said that whatever her transgressions, she did not deserve to be pushed off the bus.

Meanwhile, Vancouver police have urged people not to take the enforcement of coronavirus rules into their own hands. If someone near you is not wearing a mask, you should try to maintain a safe distance, an officer told local media.

We don't want people policing the mandatory mask policy, he said. We don't want people putting themselves at risk, he said often.

And that's all from us for now. But there'll be an updated version of the Global News podcast later. If you want to comment on this edition, will the topics covered in it, you can send us an email. The address is Global Podcast at BBC Dot c0 dot UK. The producer today was Peccary, the studio manager, Peter Weiss, and the editor Karen Martin. I'm Alex Ritson. Until next time. Goodbye.