Hi, I'm Daniel Tosh, host of a new podcast called Tosh Show. I'll be interviewing people that I find interesting, so not celebrities and certainly not comedians. We'll be covering topics like religion, travel, sports, gambling, but mostly it will be about being a working mother. If you're looking for a podcast that will educate and inspire or one that will really make you think, this isn't the one for you. Listen to Tosh Show on the iHeart Radio app, Apple Podcast, or wherever you get your podcasts.

The assassination of President John F. Kennedy is the greatest murder mystery in American history.

That's Rob Reiner. Rob called me, Soledad O'Brien, and asked me what I knew about this crime.

Well, ask who had the motive to assassinate a sitting president. Then we'll pull the curtain back on the cover up. The American people need to know the truth.

Listen to Who Killed JFK on the iHeart Radio app, Apple podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts.

Hey, everyone, it's Josh, and for this week's Select, I've chosen our October 2020 episode. I'm Beaver's because it's one of our best animal episodes, which is really saying something because our animal episodes are pretty great. It turns out that beavers aren't just cute and diligent at work. They have a huge cascading effect, a positive one too, on the ecosystems that they move into. Behold and enjoy The Beaver.

Welcome to Stuff You Should Know, a production of iHeart Radio.

Hey, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh Clark and there's Charles W. Chuck Bryant over there, and there's Jerry somewhere, and this is Stuff You Should Know, the Orange Insisers edition.

I thought you were going to make a bad naked gun joke.

No, no. No, it did run through my head over and over and over and over and over and over and over and over again.

It's hard, though, when you're our age.

Yeah.

And you saw those movies.

For sure. Yeah.

Dumb joke, though.

Yeah, well, I mean, it's a naked gun joke for Pete saying, Come on.

So this ties in, I think, a little bit with our porcupine episode in that beavers are, they're porcupine-esque in some ways.

I think it ties in even more to our wetlands episode, which gave birth to the idea for this episode.

Yeah, absolutely.

I'm pretty excited about this one. I think beavers are about as great as it gets because they're so studious and they also bend the world to their will. They shape things the way that they want them. And I like that about them.

Yeah. And I also love their familial aspects.

Which.

We'll get to all this stuff. But what we're talking about is the largest rodent in North America.

Which really demeans them, I guess, but yes.

Rodents is such a... It's not a bad word. There's so many great rodents.

Who?

Beavers, porcupines, squirrels. I know you have a thing with squirrels, but.

Well, I know I like squirrels. Now, Momo and I, and you, me sometimes comes with us to chase squirrels across the street in the park and feed them peanuts. We give them peanuts to buy them off after Moe chases them up a tree. But the squirrels across the way will actually come to you and eat peanuts out of your hand. I'm on squirrels now. Momo loves squirrels.

Chipmunks, mice.

Chipmunks, too. Yeah, rodents are okay, Chuck.

I think there are fewer terrible rodents, and the only ones I can think of that are terrible are those scary New York City sewer rats.

Oh, yeah. Okay, so rodents are all right. Up with rodents, I guess is the way. With rodents? Rabbit? I don't think they're rodents.

They are. You like a hamster?

Sure, hamsters. I don't know if rabbits are rodents, are they? It makes sense that they would be, but...

It's what rodent. Com says.

Okay, well, who am I to disagree with that? But we're not talking about rabbits. We're not talking about sewer rats. We're talking about beavers. And again, beavers are amazing, amazing animals. And like you said, it's related to porcupines in that there's what you could call Old World and New World beavers, but there's really just two species. And one is found in North America and one is found in Eurasia. And it's easy peasy, no fuss, no must. These are the beavers that are alive on the planet.

Yeah. We've got the American beaver. They weigh between 15 and 65 pounds, which is very large. If you've ever seen a large beaver in the wild, it's not scary because you know, and we'll get to whether or not they're they're dangerous. They're really not. But it's such a large thing that you're like, wow, they're bigger than I thought, usually has run through my head when I see a beaver.

Yeah, I mean, 65 pounds is about 30 kilograms. It's a big beaver. It is a big beaver. And I had to convert it to kilograms for at least our friends in Canada because beavers, they're national emblem. They have beaver on their nickel, which is amazing. This just makes me love Canada all the much more.

So for that 60 pounds, you're going to be a couple of feet long, 23 to 40 inches long. That's without the tail. You don't count the tail when you're measuring a beaver. The tail, we'll talk a little bit more about it, but they're anywhere from 7 to 12 inches. If you're Asian, you're about the same size. You can be a little bit smaller.

I thought bigger.

Well, you can be a little smaller on the... I think the range is bigger. Okay. So you can be down in the 20s poundage wise, but up to the 70s poundage wise. You're probably a little bit longer and your tail is narrower and your skull is smaller.

Yeah, but that tail is what everybody understands when they see a beaver. Just like with a porcupine and its quills, a beaver and its tail, they're just synonymous. Everybody recognizes a beaver because of its tail. Also, the tails help make it cute. Even though if you zoomed in and took a really close look at the be like, gross. You think? Yeah, it's scaly. It's got sparse, coarse hair associated with it. It looks like a blackjack that some old timey roughs would beat you up with. And yet it's one of the most... How many of these are amazing appendages any animal has. It's like a Swiss Army knife, but for tails.

Yeah, they're very useful in a lot of ways. Obviously, if they're swimming and beavers, by the way, can swim five to seven miles an hour. They have little web feet. They can close their ear holes and their nose holes, and they can roll a film over their eyeballs.

Yeah, nictitating membrane.

Yeah, it's amazing. If they're going to be swimming, then that tail is going to be acting as a rudder and as a propeller. It's also if they're on land, it's going to act as a little kickstand at times.

Yeah, when they stand up on their back legs, they use their tail to lean against to help balance. It's a big one for sure. They also, and this is a sure sign that you have frightened/upset a beaver, they will slap the water with their tail, in part to frighten you away to say, Don't mess with me. But also to warn other beavers because, like you were saying, they're familial. They are actually fairly social animals, and they live in family units, so they would want to warn the wife and the kids back at the lodge. Yeah.

Here's the thing. I've spent a lot of time at a lake here in Georgia, and I have heard something which I thought was a beaver tail smash, but I'm not sure because I didn't see it. I have seen evidence of beaver eating tree stuff.

Oh, yeah.

Which we'll get to. One day when I was in the lake, I saw a mammal's head coming toward me. We also have river otter, so I don't know if it was an otter or a beaver. But either way, it was a large head. And even though I know that they weren't going to come after me, when that thing pops under the water, you're just like, Where's he going? What's he doing? Where is he? Is he coming at me.

Or not? Were you swimming in the lake at the time?

Yeah, I was swimming in the lake. And I saw this large mammal head dumped under. I could feel you. I'm not sure how long beavers can hold their... Otter's can hold their breaths, but beavers can hold their breath for about 15 minutes, which is pretty remarkable.

I think it's remarkable, too. It really just goes to show just how adapted they are for life in the water. They are mammals, so they have lungs, so they need to breathe air outside of the water. But yeah, the fact that they can hold their breaths for 15 minutes, that they have nictitating membranes that cover their eyes like little goggles so they can see and work underwater, they spend a significant amount of their time underwater. In fact, they're most protected in water. That's where they can move the fastest. They can swim pretty fast, way faster than they can waddle on land. And a lot of their predators won't necessarily come into, especially deep water, after them. So when they're in the water, they're in their happy place, mostly.

Yeah, and imagine when they dive for 15 minutes and are swimming around. What do you think those fish think?

Oh, here comes a beaver. Do they.

Know or are they just like, What in the world is that big, hairy thing?

I would guess that they... I would like to think they know. I like to think of communities of animals or ecosystems just- They know each other. Yeah, they know each other. They know each other's foibles. They've come to accept one another. They have their own things.

You know those beaver foibles.

They always, in the end that when somebody, like a human comes in and tries to screw things up, they'll all band together and raise money for the community center so that the developer can't buy it.

If you are a North American beaver, you can live pretty much anywhere in North America, except for the desert because you want water around. You're probably going to be near a pond or a lake or a marsh or a swamp or a river. Your Asian beavers used to live all over Europe and Asia, but they were hunted, overhunted, because at one point in time, wearing beaver pelts and beaver hats was really high fashion. So now they're only found in Germany, France, Poland, Scandinavia, Southern Scandinavia, and Central Russia.

Yeah, and a lot of those are because they were reintroduced to the areas. I believe Germany had to have their population reintroduced because they were hunted to extinction.

How many beavers used to be here? Like 400 million?

That's the estimate is that in North America, prior to Colombian contact, that there were about 400 million beavers and they were hunted down to near extinction within the hundreds of thousands from what I saw, and were luckily held back from the brink. When I say luckily, I don't just mean for the beavers, but I mean for the planet as far as North America is concerned, because one of the things that we are still learning, but have come to realize is that the beavers are probably the most useful species on the planet because they're one of the few species that alters their environment as radically as they do.

Yeah, what are they called?

They're a Keystone species.

Keystone.

Species. Because when they are present, biodiversity thrives, and when beavers are removed from an area, biodiversity suffers. The presence of beavers makes life better and richer for entirely other animals and species just because of what they do and how they do it.

All right, that's a great place to take a break. I say when we come back, we talk about the two funders fundamental fulcrums on which Beaver Life is based, the dam and the lodge.

Okay.

The assassination of President John F. Kennedy is the greatest murder mystery in American history.

That's Rob Reiner. Rob called me, Soledad O'Brien, and asked me what I knew about this crime. I know 60 years later, new leads are still emerging. To me, an award-winning journalist, that's the making of an incredible story. On this podcast, you're going to hear it told by one of America's greatest storytellers.

We'll ask who had the motive to assassinate a sitting president.

My dad thought of JFK, screwed us at the Bay.

Of Pigs, and.

Then he.

Screwed us.

After the Cuban missile crisis. We'll reveal why Lee Harvey Oswalt isn't who they said he was.

I was.

Under the impression that Lee was being trained for a specific operation. Then we'll pull the curtain back on the cover up. The American people need to know the truth.

Listen to Who Killed JFK on the iHeart Radio app. Apple Podcasts or wherever you get your podcasts.

Hi, I'm Daniel Tosh, host of a new podcast called Tosh Show, brought to you by iHeart Podcasts. Why am I getting into the podcast game now? Well, it seemed like the best way to let my family know what I'm up to instead of visiting or being part of their incessant group text. I'll be interviewing people that I find interesting, so not celebrities and certainly not comedians. I'll be interviewing my plumber, my stylist, my wife's gynecologist. We'll be covering topics like religion, travel, sports, gambling, but mostly it will be about being a working mother. If you're looking for a podcast that will educate and inspire or one that will really make you think, this isn't the one for you. But it will be entertaining to a very select few because you don't make it to your mid 40s with IBS without having a story or two to tell. Join me as I take my place among podcast royalty like Joel Olstein and Lance Bass. Those are words I hope I'd never have to say. Listen to Tosshowe on the iHeart Radio app, Apple Podcast, or wherever you get your podcasts. My name.

Is Payne Lindsay, and just like pretty much everyone else on the internet, I make podcasts. Throughout my career, I've had the chance to travel all over the place investigating true crimes, researching the unexplained, I've been able to meet some of the most truly interesting people, and I've decided to sit down with them and pick their brains. We're going to talk about life, death, unsolved crimes. If Bob wrote the cadaver.

Note in his own words, he had murdered Susan Fernand.

Why do you think we're so obsessed with dark people like that? It's maybe part of human nature. The supernatural. There's something here. Truly something going on. Our biggest fears, mental health, pop culture.

Just adrenaline.

Being on a film set is incredible. And on abasically, just whatever the hell is on our minds. Wait a minute. You should be very happy. This is Talking to Death. New episodes of Talking to Death are available now. Listen on the iHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts.

All right, we're back. And there are a couple of things you've heard, Busy as a beaver. I don't know if that's proven, but I think it is almost universally agreed that that phrase came about because beavers are, in fact, very busy. And they work, work, work all day long building their homes and building dams. Their homes are called lodges. You've probably seen, if you've ever been hiking and stuff in America, you've probably seen a beaver lodge by a river or lake. It's a little dome out of sticks and grasses and Moss and mud.

Maybe you thought a local witch had built it.

Yeah, it does look like a little... What do you call Witches Houses?

Witches House? I think there's a name too.ottage?

Oh, sure. I think there's a different name.

A Witches House? There's a name for those?

I thought so, no.

I don't think so. Witch House?

Maybe I'm thinking of Cobun's.

House of the Witch?

No, there's a word. I just watched The Witch, the movie again. I think there's a word for it.

Man, I love that. That might be my favorite movie.

We did a movie crush roundtable on that, by the way. It was.

Really good. It is a good one. That's the guy who did The Lighthouse, isn't it?

Yeah, Robert Measures.

God, blessed that man. I can't wait to see his Viking movie, too.

Oh, man, I can't imagine. Okay. So The Beaver Lodge is about eight feet wide, a few feet high. They're on the banks of these ponds or on lakeshores. This is one of my favorite parts. Many of them have a little underwater back door. It's like a ski-in chalae if you're snow skiing.

Yeah, which makes sense because, again, they spend so much time in the water, but also it protects them from terrestrial predators because they can get into the water and escape when a predator is at their door.

Yeah, and they're nocturnal, they don't hibernate. But most of this action is going on at night. And everyone pitches in, the whole family. I don't think we said yet. They live with their children till they're about two. In a beaver lodge, you might find a mom and a dad who are monogamous, mates for life. They might have their three, two-year-old, almost two-year-old children, and then they might have their little grandbabies.

Yeah, because when they have their babies, which are called Kits, which admittedly is not as cute a word as porky pets.

No, but they're cute.

But dude, just- Baby beavers. -press pause right now, everybody, and go look up some baby beaver pictures. Those little tails. Oh, my God. Oh, my God. They're cute. They have baby beavers. One of the reasons why they're so cute is because they stick around for so long. They stick around so long because they're so cute. That's what I mean to say. But they stay as part of the family unit and help work on the family lodge and dam until about two when they wander off, and then at three, they start to mate. But they build their own lodge at age two. From what I've read, it's usually very clumsy. It's not in the best place necessarily, and so they learn as they go. But they also learn from their family unit first, which I think is super cute.

It is. I think we should talk about dams, though. I mean, the lodges are cool and it's a great place to live if you're a beaver. But the dams is where they really... That's where they get their shining moment as a species that really helps out the environment because they help create these wetlands, don't they?

Yeah. So a beaver will move into an area that's dry as a bone. That's maybe cropland, that's maybe timberland that is not at all flooded. There's no pond or wetland or anything like that. They say, This can be better. They find a source of moving water, like a stream or a brook, maybe a creek, something like that. They stop it up. They build the dam and they build this dam so that the water backs up behind it and floods this area and turns it into a wetland. They do this not to irk humans or just for fun. They do it because they're altering the ecosystem to better suit themselves. Like I said, they survive much better when they're in the water, they move faster, they can work faster. They actually make this ecosystem into an aquatic ecosystem, where before there wasn't an aquatic ecosystem. They do it all by building this dam. The way that they build dams is magnificent in and of itself.

Yeah, so you've got your damn base, the foundation basically, where you're going to use mud and gravel that you get from the stream and you work together as a family and with your tail and they're pushing, I say we, we're beavers all of a sudden, and you're pushing this mud and gravel up from the bottom of the stream. And if, let's say, it's a place where the creek is running a little bit too fast and there's too much flow, they're going to say, you know what? We're going to take these sticks, we're going to pile these things up all along the bottom until basically it's like building from the ground up until they're strong enough to stay in place.

Right, but they're so good at using their hands and they're so strong. You said 60, 65 pounds or about 30 kilograms. They're mostly muscle, too. They're really strong little rodents, especially for being herbivores. They're like those vegan bodybuilders. But they'll take sticks and plant them in the bottom of this stream or whatever and start forming a lattice work that they weave in between and fill up with mud to really stop up some fast-moving current. That's the level of manipulation that they're doing. They're building a dam that they eventually successfully back up the flow of water from.

Yeah, which is I've tried to do that before, and it's hard to do. Yeah. My buddy, Scottie, and I, who we went camping once in California, and it was when I was young in the film industry, so there was a lot of time between jobs. We just decided to stay and keep staying. I think we ended up staying for 11 or 12 days. Wow. And we wanted to build a waterfall next to our campsite, so it sounded better. We spent days and days with sticks and big rocks and trying to reroute and change the river. It was some of the hardest work I've ever done.

Imagine doing that at 48 inches long and only 65 pounds.

Yeah. They're not only building this thing up, they got their little kits and their children helping, like bringing up sticks and mud saying, Pa, Ma, is this okay? And they say, Yeah, add it to the pile. Then once they're done, there's periodic inspections that go on because they got to make sure that it stays strong because that current just keeps going and it's very easy to wiggle the right stick loose and all of a sudden it starts crumbling down. They basically inspect these things every so often and check it for leaks and bring in mud and patch it up just like it's like a human might do.

I saw that they do daily maintenance on it. That one way to tell whether beavers are in the area is to find their dam, make a little minor hole in it, and then go back and look the next day. If it's patched up, the beavers are around there.

Giving you the middle finger.

Exactly. Okay, yeah, we're here. You've figured it out. Please leave our dam alone. But yeah, these things are watertight for the most part, or they allow very little water through. I guess from what I can tell, as much water as the beaver wants through. They're very willfully, deliberately constructed structures that will turn a dry area into a wetland. When that happens, one of the things that they use to build this stuff with are trees around the area. They use their teeth, those really sharp, strong teeth that I said are like orangeish at the very beginning of the episode. They're orange because they have so much iron in them, which actually gives them that much more strength.

Yeah, they're up to an inch long. They're super strong. They actually sharpen as they know on trees. So it's not like it'll dull their teeth out, it actually sharpens them. And the other thing they're doing is they're eating that tree. They're one of the few mammals that are maybe the only mammal that can actually digest cellulose.

Well, porcupines can, too, remember? Oh, that's right. Yeah, they can digest cellulose because they probably have a very similar bacteria that helps digest it for them. But they digest a lot of the cellulose that they eat, and it's really hard to break down normally for mammals, though.

Yeah, but like you said, they're essentially creating these wetlands. They're preventing erosion. They are helping to purify the water.

Let's talk about what the can do.

Okay, Chuck. I mean, it's amazing. It's like a little environmental coalition that goes into the woods to make things better.

Yeah, so I think in the wetlands episode, I said something like a beaver creates the equivalent of a five million dollar wastewater treatment plan or something like that. I could not find that again to save my life, but I think that was roughly it. They create this structure that creates the artificial wetland. And in doing so, it filters the water because it slows the water down so much that the stuff can trickle down to the bottom. It turns a normal terrestrial piece of land into a wetland, so aquatic plants come. They've also found out that not only does it filter water oflike sediment and particles, it also is capable of handling farm runoff fertilizer, which is really pernicious because when all that fertilizer mixes its way into to watershed and wetlands, it creates algae blooms, which suck up all the oxygen and kill off a bunch of fish, which is a big problem. They figured out that beaver dams actually work against that by fixing nitrogen, excess nitrogen from fertilizer. It prevents it from flowing. Bacteria chomps down on it and releases it as nitrogen gas into the atmosphere. The stuff the bacteria doesn't eat floats down to the bottom, gets eaten up by aquatic plants, which when they die, lock it into the sediment.

This farm runoff, that's a huge problem as it stands, is actually mitigated by beaver dams they've recently found out.

Yeah, and talk about just what impact it has on who lives there. I mean, it's basically like an invitation to nature that says, hey, we got a good scene going over here. If you're an invertibrate that doesn't feel like they have a home, you're welcome here. If you're a new species of bird that didn't think that you would flourish here, time to change that attitude.

If.

You're a duck or a goose, you can nest on top of our lodge because our lodge is super warm because it's full of beavers, and you can nest on top of there and stay warm. And especially if it's out in the middle of a pond or something, you're going to be safer. What else?

If you are a wood pecker and you're like, All these trees are too healthy. There's no insects in them. Well, just wait, because flooded timberland doesn't stand up very well to standing water. And so some of those trees die off and they provide housing for insects, which in turn provides food for the wood peckers.

What if you're a moose, let's say? Probably no good for you, right?

No, you're going to love this if you're a moose, so buckle up. Because the beaver has turned it into a wetland, it's now an aquatic environment, and moose like aquatic plants that grow on the edge of, like marshy areas. These plants that weren't there before are suddenly there for the moose, and it gets even better. Because when the beaver family finally moves away or they die off and the whole thing gets abandoned, eventually the dam is going to break without regular maintenance. When it does, the place is going to go back to how it was before, but it's going to go back to better than it was before because think about all that nitrogen that was fixed in the sediment, all the erosion that was prevented, and all of a sudden you have a lush, beautiful meadow that deer can come eat on.

Yeah, it's pretty amazing. They help out all these animals and introduce all these new animals that can live together. And then once it's done, it becomes a flowery meadow for deer.

They leave it better than it was when they first got there.

Amazing.

It is amazing. The problem is that humans frequently have much different plans for those same areas, and beaver is one of them. Let's say we take a break and we come back and talk about that after a break, like I just said. What do you think? Answer now.

Yes.

Hi, I'm Daniel Tosh, host of a new podcast called Tosh Show, brought to you by iHeart Podcasts. Why am I getting to the podcast game now? Well, it seemed like the best way to let my family know what I'm to instead of visiting or being part of their incessant group text. I'll be interviewing people that I find interesting, so not celebrities and certainly not comedians. I'll be interviewing my plumber, my stylist, my wife's gynecologist. We'll be covering topics like religion, travel, sports, gambling, but mostly it will be about being a working mother. If you're looking for a podcast that will educate and inspire or one that will really make you think, this isn't the one for you. But it will be entertaining to a very select few because you don't make it to your mid 40s with IBS without having a story or two to tell. Join me as I take my place among podcast royalty like Joel Olstein and Lance Bass. Those are words I hope I'd never have to say. Listen to Tosshowe on the iHeart Radio app, Apple Podcast, or wherever you get your podcasts.

The assassination of President John F. Kennedy is the greatest murder mystery in American history.

That's Rob Reiner. Rob called me, Soledad O'Brien, and asked me what I knew about this crime. I know 60 years later, new leads are still emerging. To me, an award-winning journalist, that's the making of an incredible story. On this podcast, you're going to hear it told by one of America's greatest storytellers.

We'll ask who had the motive to assassinate a sitting president.

My dad thought of JFK, screwed us at the.

Bay of Pigs, and.

Then he screwed us.

After the Cuban missile crisis. We'll reveal why Lee Harvey Oswalt isn't who what they said he was.

I was.

Under the impression that Lee was being trained for a specific operation. Then we'll pull the curtain back on the cover up. The American people need to know the truth.

Listen to Who Killed JFK on the iHeart Radio app, Apple podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. My name.

Is Payne Lindsay, and just like pretty much everyone else on the internet, I make podcasts. Throughout my career, I've had the chance to travel all over the place investigating true crimes, researching the unexplained. I've been able to meet some of the most truly interesting people, and I've decided to sit down with them and pick their brains. We're going to talk about life, death, unsolved crimes. If Bob wrote the.

Cadaver note in his own words he had murdered.

Susan Ferman. Why do you think we're so obsessed with dark people like that? It's maybe part of human nature. The supernatural. There's something here. Truly something going on. Our biggest fears: mental health, pop culture. Just adrenaline. Being on a film set is incredible. Honestly, just whatever the hell is on our minds. Wait a minute. You should be very happy. You want? This is Talking to Death. New episodes of Talking to Death are available now. Listen on the iHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts.

All right.

Think of all this stuff.

There's so much stuff.

Look at all.

This stuff you should know.

All right, so we love Beaver. You love Beaver, everyone out there listening. There's a lot of people who don't love Beaver.

Is it Beaver?

It is now.

Okay.

The reason why is because if you own a stand of timber, your plan is to eventually cut that timber down and sell it for wood planks or books, like Stuff You Should Know, Colin, and Incomplete compendium of mostly interesting things available everywhere you get books to preorder now. There's things you can do with trees that you grow. If beavers move into your area and they build the dam, those dams are effective. This isn't like a little puddle we're talking about. They can create basically lakes, ponds, enormous wetlands. When you have standing water over timberland, those trees, they're not aquatic trees that you're growing there, so they actually die. Again, remember, they die off and bugs move in and woodpeckers eat the bugs. Well, if you're trying to make money off of those trees, you don't really want the beavers to do that to your timberland.

No. And I think how many tens of millions of dollars? I think it was like $20 million a year or something.

I think more than that, because I think I saw Alabama alone suffered like $14 million in losses from timberland, just Alabama.

From beaver damage. And not only that, it'll be flooding for crops, it can make what was ordinarily a very stable bridge or road now unstable and cause damage to roads and stuff like that.

Yeah, from saturating the soil that was holding it up just fine before.

Yeah. The good news is back in the old days, they would just cull as many beavers as they could to get rid of them. These days, and this is a weird stat, but it says 75 % of beaver human conflict can be resolved without trapping or killing the beavers.

I.

Take that as in they will somehow move them along in a way that's humane.

Well, I don't know if that's even the case. I think that more often than not, the first question is, is the beaver really causing a problem? Or is it that there's beavers and they've created this wetland and it wasn't there before and you're taking it as a problem? That's the thing that I'm seeing that it seems to be like the new paradigm for viewing beavers as far as their relationship to humans. It's like, really, what's the problem? If yes, they're damaging cropland, okay, that's a problem. If they're killing Timberland, that's a problem. If they're washing out a road, that's a problem. But if they just created a wetland that wasn't there before on your property where you bought the property and it was dry and now there's a wetland there that you didn't plan for, is it really a problem? I think that's what they're saying, is that 75 % of the people who are asked that question will say, Actually, I guess it's not. I'm going to learn to love the beaver. I love beaver.

Yeah, and it really gets my dander up. This lake that I go to, the Facebook page, there are people posts like, Hey, it looks like I have a beaver eating on my trees. Some of these people literally are like, Yep, I'll take care of that with my 12 gage. I've never understood the people who want to move to nature to kill the nature.

Yeah, I know.

It's unnerving. I have seen some beaver damage, and I love it. I welcome it.

So, yeah, you.

Eat all.

You want. You would be one of the 75 % who would say, It's no problem whatsoever. You probably wouldn't even say it was an issue. You wouldn't even be asked that question. You would just know from the outset that it's not a problem.

I call that a beaver, beavering. Yeah, that's right. Beaver is going to beaver.

We know now that they are a Keystone species. They're so important that it's great. The impression I'm getting is it's like, No, it's not really a problem. You can't touch that beaver. Don't shoot that beaver. You're going to get in big trouble depending on where you are for shooting a beaver when it wasn't creating a problem, which I love because they should be protected because again, not just the fact that they were almost hunted to extinction, they provide so many really important services. I don't even know if we talked about it. There are two others, Chuck. They prevent flooding. Three others. They prevent flooding by slowing the flow of water. Things downstream from the dam don't get overwhelmed as much. Right, right. The stuff in the dam helps recharge aquifers below, whereas before it was just a little stream trickling over, it was doing Jack for the aquifer. Now the aquifer is getting recharged on the daily. Then the third one is they provide natural fire breaks which helps contain forest fires.

Yeah, I have a feeling when we're done, we're going to be mad because there were three more things we.

Didn't think about. That happens to me a lot and drives me nuts.

Here's some of the things that people do try and do, though, to mitigate what they perceive as their beaver problems.

Yeah, because they do create some problems as far as human settlement is concerned.

They will use beaver pipes, and this is basically plastic pipes that you put in a beaver dam to route that water to where you want it. Helps control the flooding that beavers can cause.

Yeah, it's so long that the beaver is like... It doesn't think to go to the end of the pipes. It just sees that there's something around its dam and it probably dams up around the pipe, but that still lets the flow of water go through.

Yeah, this is cool. They will build a pre-dam if they want beavers away from a certain place and in a different place. They'll basically say, Hey, look over here. We got this fence. It's like a foundation for your.

New home.

You got 10 % of your work is already done. Why don't you just start here?

They'll do that. Yeah, the beaver says, Hot dog.

Then another thing is to design... Well, there's two types of of fences. There's the pre-dam fence that encourages them to come, and then there is another fence to keep them from building there in the first place.

Yeah, those are called beaver deceivers. They are just basically like a culvert is a frequent place that a beaver likes to dam up, and that's where it causes a lot of damage because culverts are meant to help drain water to keep roadways stable and that thing. You would just basically put a fence radiating out from either side of the covert outward at an angle like in a V shape. Then those two fences are connected by another fence between the two. It's just basically like a triangle that ends in the covert. The key is if you make those fences long enough, I think 12 feet minimum or something like that, the beaver is going to be like nuts to this. This just isn't even worth it. I'm not going to try to build a dam here. Or if it does start to build a dam, it's going to give up eventually and your covert is saved without the beaver being hurt or harmed. The beaver just moves on to a different spot that it likes.

Right. And if you have a tree that you really love that you see has some beaver activity, you can wrap chicken wire around the base of it if you want. There's also some special paint that you can paint on the trunk that apparently beavers don't like if you want to protect a certain tree.

It's like the nail biting stuff all that.

Oh, my God. Somebody wrote in about that.

What did they say?

I didn't see that one. I think they were just asking what it was. I'm sure they still have it, but I don't remember.

What it was. I believe, remember Lee Press-on nails? I think they had a sideline and that stuff.

I'm sure it was. It's probably just like clear.

Nail polish. Yeah. But just- Tastes like garbage. Yeah, that tasted really bad. Tasted like what? I thought it was like hot.

No, it was bitter.

Oh, okay. Yeah, I wouldn't.

Like that at all. No, it was very bitter. I don't think we mentioned the... I mean, we should talk a little bit. We talked about the Kits, but they do live in large groups. They're very social. They're called colonies. And they mate in the winter during the first few months of the year. The Eurasian beaver gestates for 60 to 128 days and have one to six little babies. And theThe American beavers just ate from about 105 to 107 days, again, 1-4 little kits. They are weaned around two weeks of age, whereas the Eurasian beavers weaned at about six weeks of age. Right.

And so, Chuck, I saw that beavers tend to live, like you said, they're monogamous, typically. I saw that they live about 10 to 15 years in the wild, which is so cute. But you can also build a pretty respectable dam in that time, too. And I think actually the largest dam that they've ever seen is they think it is from many, many, many generations of beavers staying and working on it in Alberta, right?

Yeah, it's huge. And I guess everyone just got in on the party.

Yeah, they think since the '70s that some beavers have been keeping it up.

Very appropriate.

Yeah, pretty much.

And those little kids, by the way, can swim about just one day after they're born. They're already swimming around.

Right. We said, I think that they become sexually mature at age three. And around that time, they're going to start producing something called castorum or castorium, right?

Yeah.

And castorium is like a lot of people think that it's the origin of castor oil. It's not correct. It's from the castor bean, I believe. This stuff is the opposite of castor oil. It actually tastes and smells really good.

Yeah, the FDA says you can eat it. It's one of those graphs, remember, generally recognized as safe ingredients. And the thing is there's just not a lot of it. It's very tough, and it's a lot of work to go out there and try and extract this flavor ingredient from the beaver tail. Right. I think it says about 292 pounds annually total. Right. Imagine it's expensive.

It is very expensive. And you can still find in some places, I think I saw a whiskey that uses it. Chanel's perfume. What is it called? Coire de Rosse, I believe, it still uses it.

Not really.

And it's a flavor ingredient, too, because like you were saying, it's generally recognized as safe, but it also adds like a vanilla, raspberry, flavor. That's what it tastes like to humans. And they think that there are some ice creams out there that still may use that, old time ice creams that use beaver castorium, like beaver scent. It's what it is. It's beaver musk. It just so happens that beaver musk tastes like raspberry vanilla to humans. But they were hunted for a really long time, which led to this one myth, didn't it?

The testicle myth? Yeah. Yeah, up until about the 1100s, people thought beavers ate or bit off their own testicles. Apparently, this has its origins in ancient Egypt and medieval Europe. It continued where I think what they said was that beavers knew that hunters were coming after them because of that castorium, which originated in their testicles. And none of this is true. I think their testicles, they don't even have hangers, right?

No, they don't. They're located inside them, which automatically disqualifies it. But also, so the beavers were basically saying like, no, you can't have my castorium. I can't have it anymore either. I would rather bite off my own testicles than let you have them. I guess maybe as a survival mechanism, like they thought that the hunters would leave them alone if they didn't have testicles. But no, that's not true at all. And then there's one other great fact, Chuck, that I think you got to take us out with.

The Pope in the 16th century said, You know what? That tail is pretty scaly, and they sure are in the water a lot. During the fasting days, go ahead and eat that beaver. It's close enough.

To a fish. Yeah, exactly. It qualifies as a fish. You could eat beaver back in the 16th century, thanks to the Pope. That's right.

I know I teased earlier if they were dangerous, they're not. Beavers are very nice little fellows and ladies. If there is a beaver that attacked somebody, it will make the news because it's so rare and it probably means they're really sick.

Yeah, like all mammals can get diabetes. But like porcupines, I get the impression that that's one of the few diseases you can get from a beaver. The thing is, if they are rabbit and they do charge at you, they can do some serious damage with those teeth. They can chew through three-foot diameter trees. They can bite through your skin. If you get too close to a beaver, it can have bad effects. It's just, like you said, it's extremely rare. But I saw at least one guy died from them in the last decade or so, right?

That was just bad luck.

A guy in Bayloroos was trying to get a picture of a beaver and got too close and the thing bit him in his thigh and bit through his femoral artery. The guy bled to death from a beaver attack. He died from a beaver attack. His family has to live like that for the rest of their lives. Beaver attack.

I know.

There's been some other attacks, too, but yeah, I think they just give beavers a bad name, unwarrantedly, don't you?

Shot through the leg.

In your two blame, you give beavers a bad name. Oh, goodness. Todd. Well, I guess that's it for beavers, huh? That's it. I'm glad we finally got to do this one.

Leave them alone.

Yeah, let them do their beaver thing. Beaver in, like Chuck says.

Beaver is going to beaver.

If you want to know more about beavers, then by God, you go find some beavers and study them from afar because they are nature's miracles. Since I said that, it's time for Listener Mail.

All right, I'm going to call this, Braver Angels. Hey, guys, listen to your episode on swing states. You mentioned the dangerous level of polarization going on between Reds and Blues in America.

Oh, yeah, thanks for reading that one.

You're welcome. I wanted to let you know that there's something we can do about it. There's a great grassroots organization with a specific goal of depolarizing America called Braver Angels, which organizes events to bring Reds and Blues together to have real nuanced discussions about things they disagree about and help us understand and respect each other.

That's great.

It is great. I mean, that's quite a service. Yeah, I would love to peek in on one of these meetings and maybe go to one.

Yeah.

They're doing a lot of online events now due to COVID. Among other things, just launched a campaign called Hold America Together to prepare a response to potential election related conflict in November. Could you please tell your listeners about Braver Angels and help keep our country together because America needs this. Love to all the Reds and Blues out there. You guys are great at what you do. Join the Braver Angels. That is from Krista and just go to braverangels. Org, B-A-R-A-V-E-R-A-N-G-E-L-S. Org. B-a-r-v-r-a-n-g-e-l-s. Org.

Braverangels. Org.

That is correct.

Okay, cool. That's fantastic. Thank you, Krista. Thanks to all the braver angels out there who are trying to keep the country together because like Krista said, we need it right now.

It is brave. It's daunting to step outside your echo chamber.

Oh, man, it is. It's just harder and harder because the echoes have gotten stronger and stronger. To hear something other than that just almost makes your brain melt.

Pretty neat.

All right, well, if you want to get in touch with us to let us know about some group or service that the country or the world is in dire need of, we want to hear about it, you can send us an email to stuffedpodcast@iheartradio.

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