From New York Times, I'm Michael Bobarro. This is.

The Daily.

As a racketeering trial begins in Atlanta, much of the focus is on the high-profile defendant, the best-selling rapper, Young Thug. But as my colleague, Joe Coscarelli, explains, in a very real sense, hip hop itself is on trial. It's Tuesday, December fifth.

Joe, tell us about this trial that began last week in Atlanta.

This is a crazy trial. You've probably heard of Fannie Willis. She's the district attorney in Fulton County, which covers a lot of Atlanta. And she's become a national figure over the last few months, largely because she brought a criminal racketeering case, or Riko, as it's more commonly known against President Trump and his allies like Rudy Giuliani.

Right. We've covered it extensively on.

The show. Right. And that's about their efforts in Georgia specifically to overturn the presidential election in 2020. She's using that same legal strategy against criminal street gangs. And one in particular, she says, is run by Young Thug or Jeffrey Williams, who's one of the most successful and influential rappers of his time.

That's what puts him in your world because you are a music writer at the Times.

Yes, I have been covering music here for 10 years. Because of that timing, that means I've covered a lot of rap music. We are in an era where hip hop is the most popular genre in the country and probably the world. Atlanta is really its beating heart and has been for a long time. I wrote a book called Rap Capital about the city of Atlanta. I spent a lot of time in Atlanta with rappers and specifically in Cleveland Avenue, which is the neighborhood that Young Thug and his friends and collaborators and associates come from.

Let's start with the man at the center of this Fauna Willis prosecution, Young Thug. Tell us what we need to know about him.

Young Thug was born Jeffrey Williams in the south of Atlanta. He comes from the Jonesborough Housing Projects, which was a notoriously rough place to grow up. He's the 10th of eleven children. And starting about a decade ago, he begins to make a name for himself as one in a long line of rap innovators from Atlanta like Andre 3,000 from Outkast with songs like Picasso and Stona.

And in.

2012, 2013, 2014, he's really pushing the limits of what you could dress like, what you could sound like, you could sing and be a rapper. And Young Thug takes that baton and he carries it for the city, starting with a collection of very strange, very experimental songs. His lyrics are quite abstract a lot of the time, and his voice is magical. He is in a lot of ways. And for a while, he's a bit of an internet curio. People don't know if he's good for hip hop. At one point, he puts on a dress. And this is really messing with this machismo of the gangster rapper. And then years later, he says, In fact, I was wearing the dress because I was hiding a machine gun underneath me. So that's really the two sides of Yung Thug. He's a bit of a prince-like figure, and I mean, Prince, the musician. He sounds like people who came before him, but then all mutated and even weirder. Along the way, people really take to this stuff. He becomes an extremely popular musician. In Atlanta, he becomes a figurehead and somebody who can choose who gets to make it next.

And he starts this collective that he calls YSL.

As in the famous French fashion brand?

It's definitely a reference to that. But some people say it stands for Young Stoner Life, Young Slime Life, or in some cases, young, successful life. And up under this collective, YSL, led by Young Thug, come a few more successful rappers, some of whom are his friends growing up in his old neighborhood, and some of whom he just plays talent scout and then pluck them from other neighborhoods in the city. But he's really, really a leader of hip hop in the place that often leads the conversation about rap in America.

In short, things are going extremely well for him. So what happens next?

Young Thug starts to cross over into the mainstream. Now he's working with pop singers. He's on this Camila Cabello song from 2017 called Havana.

This song.

Hits number one on the billboard Hot 100, which is the all genre chart. Then all of a sudden, Young Thug is a superstar. He's in fashion magazines. He's playing late night with Jimmy Fallon. Performing fate from Creed to the album. Give it up for Mike, Will, M-A-D-T, Swae Lee, and Young Thug! He has a number one album of his own called So Much Fun in 2019. But he really becomes this figure who functions like any other mainstream pop star, even though he's seemingly breaking all the rules musically. At the same time during his rise, he's developing a bit of a reputation as an outlaw, a bad boy, which is quite storied in hip hop. You think of someone like Tupac or 50 Cent, and their extracurricular struggles are a big part of what people love about their music and their persona. And so along the way, as Young Thug's finding all of this commercial success, he's also running into trouble with the law. He gets arrested here and there on drug and gun charges. He's accused of threatening security guard at the mall one time. And none of this stuff really is resolved in court.

It just seems to go away. And he just keeps finding more and more success in music. In the fall of 2021, he's on Saturday Night Live. Once again, young thug. And he's his protege, Gunna, who's becoming almost as popular as he is. They play the song Love You More. Oh, I love you more than anything. And it feels like they're on top of the world and they're only getting bigger. And then on May ninth, 2022, the entire music world is shocked when Fani Willis's office in Fulton County drops a huge indictment against Young Thug and Y. S. L, his rap crew.

It is our allegation that they operated as a criminal street gang and commenced to do havoc in our community.

And what exactly is the accusation and the indictment? Obviously, it involves racqueteering, Rico, but specifically, what's the case being made?

Fani Willis' office in Fulton County is alleging that Young Thug, Jeffrey Williams, is the head of YSL, which was not only a rap collective, but a criminal street gang terrorizing the streets of Atlanta, and specifically the Cleveland Avenue neighborhood where Young Thug grew up.

I believe that people in that neighborhood and at every corner of Fulton County deserve to be safe, even if it is financially lower, socially, economically. I don't think that that belief part of the community should be left behind.

And terrorizing how, according to the dynamic.

The prosecutors say that YSL was a subset of the national bloods that functioned with Williams as its leader and that he oversaw crimes like murder, attempted murder, armed robbery, witness intimidation, drug dealing.

And more. The fact that Cleveland in our community is referred to as Cleveland, that it is somewhere where just violence occurs, where they're marking up territory, it's blood territory. It's horrible.

Basically, this group, which does produce music and is a hugely successful musical operation, is also a criminal operation, a gang.

And not only that, but that they are using the music to promote the gang.

How?

By using the music to advertise the gang, essentially, to flaunt just how scary and successful they are.

It's a really shocking accusation.

Completely. And it turns on its head the idea of gangs that we are used to as a culture.

Just explain that.

Traditionally, we think of the Bloods and The Cribs and these West Coast gangs that were such a big part of popular culture in the 1980s and '90s as these hierarchical organizations where people on the street commit crimes to make money. They fight over territory for drug dealing or robberies. And that money works its way up a pyramid. What Fannie Willis and her office is saying is that Young Thug's success as a rapper, in fact, allowed him to control people underneath him and to fund their illegal exploits as opposed to their drug dealing funding him.

Fascinating. It's a reversal. He, the rap artist, is underwriting a gang.

There are little accusations of drug dealing and robbery and stuff in here, but they're not saying that this was the main business. They're saying that rap was the main business, and the gang was just bolstering its reputation through both the crimes and the music.

What.

Did you make of.

That set of claims when you heard them? And what did everybody else in hip hop make of them?

I think for a lot of people who follow rap music very closely, like myself, you know that there's this connection to potentially a criminal underwater. This has been inextricable in the genre throughout its history. In many ways, what these artists are selling is authenticity. They are documenting where they come from and who they are. But what this indictment was saying was like, what if this rap is too real? We're going to see that all play out in court.

We'll.

Be right back.

Joe, bring us into the courtroom as this unusual trial gets underway over the past two days.

This trial was originally going to include 28 defendants, including Young Thug. Over the last year-plus, a lot of those people have taken guilty pleas. Some of the cases have been severed. So Young Thug, Jeffrey Williams, is currently being tried alongside five other individuals.

And that seems notable because plea deals in a racketeering case usually are very bad news for the person at the top of the case, which in this case is Young Thug. It means that the lower-down folks have basically started cooperating with the prosecutor.

Yes, the whole idea of Rico, which originally started as a way to take down organized crime like the mafia, was you roll up all the little guys on the street and to save themselves, they say who on the top of the food chain was making these calls? They don't have young thugs saying on a wire tap, go kill this guy for me. They don't have him saying, YSL needs you to do this. Ysl needs you to do that. They're saying that this is an unwritten contract, that these are expectations that these guys share almost psychically because of how they've come up and how they've pledged allegiance to this criminal enterprise in YSL. Okay. When the trial got underway last week in Atlanta-Let me know when you're ready, I'm ready.

All right. If you wish to make a statement at this.

Point in time, please go ahead. All right.

Now, this is the law of the jungle. For the strand of the pack is the wolf. And the strength of the path is the wolf, and the strength of the wolf is the path.

You had Adrianne Love, the prosecutor from Fannie Willis' office, starting with a quote from Kipling's The Jungle Book.

And what I expect the evidence to show in this case is that Y. S. L, operated as a pack.

Saying Y. S. L. Operated as a pack and Young Thug was the head of that pack. They knew what they were supposed to do to obey him and wishes.

Ysl for young slime was born, and the defendant, Jeffrey Williams, was his proclaimedaned lead.

What she's doing here is trying to prove A, that a criminal enterprise existed, in this case that YSL operated as a criminal street gang, that these guys in particular were members of that group and that they committed crimes in furtherance of the group.

What evidence does a prosecutor lay.

Out here? They want to show that YSL exists as a gang and that these guys are members. We're talking about everything from hoodies they're wearing, tattoos they have, Instagram posts, even emojis.

A green heart emoji and a green snake emoji, which I expect the evidence will show are the common identifiers associated with YSL. They're the identifiers that they use to announce and project themselves to the rest of the world.

They say that the use of Green Hearts or the snake emoji, that that is how members of YSL show their allegiance and signal to other people that they are part of this criminal street gang.

Okay, so that's the prosecutor's efforts to try to prove membership and the existence of this operation, which, as she said, is very important. What is the evidence that the prosecutor lays out that actual crimes were committed by this operation?

There are a bunch of little crimes that might seem disparate: an armed robbery, gun possession, drug possession, things like that. But there's one murder that's really at the heart of this case.

That on January 10th at about seven o'clock in the evening, Donovan Thomas was living in a best life. He was-.

In January of 2015, an alleged gang member by the name of Donovan Thomas Jr, who's known as Nut or Big Nut, was killed in a drive-by shooting outside of a barber shop in Atlanta.

You'll see evidence that Donovan Thomas was literally in the middle of laughing it up with his friends. When a car drives by.

And opens fire- Fannie Willis's office says that YSL is responsible and that this set off a chain of events, a gang war, unlike Atlanta had ever seen, in which more than 50 shootings take place as retribution for this killing.

How does the prosecution link this 2015 murder to YSL and to Young Thug?

Two of the guys being tried alongside Young Thug are charged with executing the actual shooting of Donovan Thomas. But they're also saying that Young Thug helped organize and arrange it, that he approved it, in part by renting the car that committed the drive by.

The evidence is going to show that the defendant, Jeffrey Williams, rented a car that other YSL members used when they openly gunned down Donovan Thomas on January 10th of 2015.

Donovan Thomas was killed in front of a Chevy Tahoe, an SUV. And prosecutors are also pointing to specific young thug lyrics where he says, for instance, 100 rounds in a tahoe, meaning bullet holes, they said.

You'll see that Donovan Thomas' tahoe had bullet defects all along the back of it. And they sprayed Donovan Thomas in his car on January the 10th of 2015.

And they're claiming that he was raping about this specific murder.

Essentially, the prosecution is arguing that Young Thug, indicates himself for this murder in a song.

Yeah, in fact, they say he's bragging about it.

Okay, so how do Young Thug, his attorneys, respond to all of this evidence and to this larger argument in their defense?

Young Thug's lawyer, Brian Steele, got up there for his own opening statement, and he said it's all made up. Young Thug is being targeted because he is a successful rapper. And that to be a successful rapper these days, these are just the things that you rap about.

They want you to hear music that talks about killing drugs. It is art.

You rap about guns. You rap about drugs, drive by shootings. This is tried and true material for gangster rap. He went so far as to call Young Thug a studio gangster, saying that he basically made all this up. And it's no different from Robert De Niro and Goodfellows.

You will learn that this is part of being involved in hip hop. It is generating advertising. It's branding. He refers to himself as Young Thug, because most people think about a Thug as a criminal.

He says Thug itself is an acronym. He would be.

Truly humble under God. That's what Thug is.

Not to mean that he does bad, but to mean that he is truly humble under God. And sure, maybe he has a blood tattoo. That's what sells. Maybe he is flaunting YSL as a gang in his music, but that's all a persona. And if they can't link actual real-life crimes to Young Thug and YSL, then what is he even doing here in court?

What the defense is really saying is that when it comes to this question of authenticity at the heart of hip hop and this trial, Yung Thug isn't as authentic as the prosecutors are saying.

Yeah, and that he basically used the tropes of an existing genre to make it out of horrible poverty. That he looked at what worked in rap music, and he made that part of his persona.

And yes, he speaks about killing 12 and people being shot and drugs and drive-by-shooting. This is the environment that he grew up. These are the people who knew. These are the stories he knew.

They're basically arguing that Young Thug comes from a horrible neighborhood. He makes it out. He's the most famous person to ever come from where he comes from. And all of these guys want to impress him. So everybody doing petty crime on their own, sure, maybe they think they're doing it in service of this musical superstar.

You will learn that Jeffrey doesn't even know most of the people in this indictment. They all know him because everybody in that area knows Jeffrey Rooney. He is known as the Michael Jordan of that area.

But Young Thug's lawyer, Brian Steele, says he doesn't even know some of these people in the indictment. They're all just trying to get his attention.

And how does the defense respond to some of the specific evidence that the prosecutors put forward around that 2015 murder you mentioned as being so central to this case, including the Chevy Tahoe lyrics.

Young Thug's lawyer, Brian Steele, speaking about the Chevy Tahoe, came right out and said, all of these lyrics are subject to interpretation. They're generic.

And they said 100 rounds in a Tahoe like, well, let's hit a Tahoe. We're just somewhere driving a Tahoe with 100 rounds up to the listener.

He says, Hundred rounds in a Tahoe. Does that mean bullet holes in a Tahoe? Or does that mean somebody carrying a gun within a Tahoe?

The next line has a taco. He said, What do I mean?

Thug's lawyer saying, Sure, maybe these crimes occurred, but you cannot connect them to an artist because he made work that seems to resemble it.

These are not confessions. These are not admissions. This is art.

So we're going to be watching this trial very closely. How strong or how weak does the prosecution's case appear to be at this point? It's early, but I'm going to imagine you have started to think about that question. I think.

This is a very, very complex case. It is hard to explain to a jury how all of these disparate crimes from across nearly a decade committed by many different people are all connected to one organization and specifically one man. It's called the YSL and young thug. I think they're being very deliberate about laying out the information that they have and trying to prove their case one witness at a time. They say they might call up to 400 people to testify. This could take a very, very, very long time. I think there's still a lot of evidence yet to be seen, including testimony from people who say they were active members of YSL. We're going to see how that plays out over the following months.

Let's just assume for a moment that the prosecution is successful here and that Young Thug is found in some way guilty of leading a criminal conspiracy. What is that going to mean for the wider world that you cover, the world of hip hop?

I think it potentially has seismic effects on this strain of popular rap music. So much of it is about believing these artists that they really come from the life that they say they do and that they really do the things that they're rapping about. There are many young fans around the country who are invested in that idea. And yet if the prosecution can successfully say that all of this gang imagery, these videos, these lyrics, these social media are the glue that holds together a criminal conspiracy, then I think there are a lot of rappers out there who are going to second-guess the way they present themselves and the way they talk about where they come from. And then when you think about these communities themselves, the city of Atlanta and Cleveland Avenue, the neighborhood that Young Thug comes from, you have the prosecution saying that YSL was terrorizing this neighborhood and that now it should be a safer place. But if, in fact, Young Thug is a product of his environment, and this is going to continue with or without him, this cycle, that's where we get a lot of this rap music, is because these neighborhoods are neglected because there's no infrastructure, no education.

I think that it leaves us in a tough place. Are we saving these communities by taking these artists out of them? Or is he the pride of the community and in fact, made something great out of something horrible?

Is the successful prosecution here not just a legal framework for going after other hip hop groups.

But is it.

Going to deprive the city of Atlanta potentially of something or make it better?

Yeah. Is the rap the cause or is rap the effect?

Well.

Joe, thank you very much.

Thanks for having me.

We'll be right back. We'll be right back. Here's what else you need to know today. On Monday, the Times reported that the Israeli military has begun an invasion of Southern Gaza, a long-awaited operation that could decide the fate of its war with Hamas and put Palestinian civilians in even greater peril. Israel. Now that Israel has overtaken parts of Northern Gaza, Southern Gaza is the last section of the territory under full Hamas control. Israel is expected to focus its attacks on the city ofon UNIS, where Israel believes Hamas's military and political leadership has sought shelter since fleeing the north. And the White House has warned congressional leaders that the United States will run out of money to send weapons to Ukraine by the end of the year, unless lawmakers quickly approve emergency military aid. The warning was President Biden's latest attempt to pressure Republicans, especially in the House, to further fund Ukraine's military. Without the money, according to the White House, Ukraine's ability to defend itself against Russia would be in jeopardy.

Today's.

Episode was produced by Sidney Harbor and Michael Simon Johnson, with help from Luke Vanderplug. It was edited by John Ketchum, Michael Benoît, and Brendan Clinton. Our theme, Jim Runberg, contains original music by Diane Wang and Pat McCusker, and was engineered by Alyssa Moxley. Our theme music is by Jim Runnberg and Ben Lansford of Wonderly. That's it for The Daily. I'm Michael Bobarrow. See you tomorrow.