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Today's episode is really interesting, there are two ways we could start it, but I can't decide which is better. One way is nasty and vulgar like this.

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Why are you looking then, retard? Or we could start with the uplifting story like this. Scientists define compassion as an emotional response to another's pain or suffering, involving an authentic desire to help.

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I don't know.

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I can't make up my mind. What do you think? All right, let's just flip a coin. Heads for nasty, tails for uplifting and it's tails. OK, we'll get to the nasty stuff later. So let's start here.

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My name is Anthony Mazzarelli. I'm the president and CEO of Coop University Health Care.

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The Cooper health system takes in about one point four dollars billion in annual revenues were a level one trauma center located our core hospital in Camden, New Jersey. But we have over 100 sites.

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Mazzarelli doesn't just run the hospital. I'm also a practicing emergency medicine physician. People who know Mazzarelli call Ima's and Mazze is sort of an overachiever.

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During his medical training, for instance, at the University of Pennsylvania, I ended up graduating with a medical degree, a law degree and a master's in bioethics, and then did my residency training in emergency medicine here at Cooper and have not left Cooper since.

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In 2014, Mazzarelli was promoted to chief medical officer and at that time our institution had engaged a consultant.

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The consultant did what consultants do and suggested ways for the hospital to strengthen its bottom line. One idea the hospital should focus on improving patient experience and physician engagement.

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And there was a list of things to ask our physicians to do, which seemed frankly soft things that were kind of mushy, things that I was concerned that I was going to have trouble getting.

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Four hundred and fifty five hundred faculty members to have trouble getting to do some of these mushy things had to do with the relationship between doctors and patients. Mazze realized that most of what he was being asked to do was to get doctors to show more compassion.

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Now, you might assume that most people who choose medicine as a profession do so in part because they are compassionate, or at least that they're taught compassion during med school. If that's the case, where does it go, does compassion somehow evaporate over time? If so, was there a viable way to increase it? And can compassion even be measured? Before doing anything, what Maz needed was some research, so I turned to our number one NIH funded researcher, the person with the most publication, the most NIH dollars, I've been a Cooper for 17 years.

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And it was Steve. My name's Steve.

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Très Yak Yak is the chairman and chief of the Department of Medicine at Cooper.

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And also I'm a research nerd and I'm also a practicing intensivist specialist in intensive care medicine.

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So here are two doctors, one specializing in intensive care, the other in emergency medicine, who between them had treated thousands of people who were each having one of the worst days of their lives.

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So I never doubted that compassion was essential. And I don't know anyone in health care that feels otherwise, or at least no one that would admit to it. It's what we ought to do, the way we ought to treat patients. But does it actually move the needle on outcomes in a measurable way? That's what I was skeptical about.

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But remember, the consultants the hospital brought in did want that needle moved. Mazzarelli was willing to consider the dose of compassion might be worthwhile. So he reached out to Teresa back and sat with him and said, Steve, can you sign this up for me?

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Can you look at the data around this? And he said, No, you're crazy. I don't want to be part of this. This is Mushie. This is not what I do. I'm a hard science guy.

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Is that indeed what you said, Steve? It is. But that's because I didn't know there was such hard science available.

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How much time did you think you'd have to waste on Mars is silly idea.

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Well, it didn't take long before I started to see the beginning of the signal in the data, and that's when everything started to resonate.

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What Jack was seeing in the data resonated with something else that was happening in his life where I sort of had an existential crisis, like what am I going to do with my career?

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So I just want to be clear about one thing. I was not in the market for any sort of a scientific awakening. My research program was hitting every metric for success. We were publishing and some of the best journals. Everything was fine. Right? But then I had this question that was posed to me.

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He doesn't mean the question for Mazzarelli. The question came from my son. My son was 12 years old. The question actually came from a school homework assignment.

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The question was, what is the most pressing problem of our time?

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Teresia talked over the assignment with his son, but then on his own, he kept thinking about the question and how it applied to him.

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I knew that the research that I was working on was very important, but I also knew that it wasn't the most pressing problem of our time. And I'm not old, but I'm too old to work on things that don't really matter. It led me to search for what is the most pressing problem of our time.

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And after a couple of weeks digging around in this seemingly mushy research project that Mazzarelli put him on, he knew he'd found it. What he considered the most pressing problem of our time, at least in his field.

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What I found in the data and also just looking around at health care, what I see is that we have a compassion crisis. You can either believe it matters or it doesn't matter. But if it matters, how does it matter? How does it affect people? How does it affect health care? How does it affect the economics of health care? How does it affect health care providers?

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And burnout transaction? Mazzarelli wound up writing a book that tries to answer these questions. It is called Compassion Nomics The Revolutionary Scientific Evidence that Caring Makes a Difference. Today on Freakonomics Radio. How strong is that evidence?

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How has the pandemic changed the equation?

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And is it just the health care system or we need more compassion? From Stitchers and Productions, this is Freakonomics Radio, the podcast that explores the hidden side of everything.

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Here's your host, Stephen Dubner.

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OK, let's start by revisiting that definition of compassion. Stephen Teresia again.

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Scientists define compassion as an emotional response to another's pain or suffering, involving an authentic desire to help.

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That sounds like exactly what you're setting out to do if you become a nurse or a nurse practitioner, physician assistant or a physician.

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And the hypothesis is compassion matters. We don't just mean compassion matters in a moral or ethical or sentimental sense. We wanted to test the hypothesis that compassion matters in measurable ways for patients and for those who care for patients.

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Here's one data point that Teresia can Mazzarelli cite in compassion nomics. When patients are asked what they consider extremely important traits in a doctor, 85 percent say yes to being treated with dignity and respect.

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Only 27 percent say they want them trained in one of the best medical schools. Only 58 percent say has a lot of experience.

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Anthony Mazzarelli again. Patients want these factors that are more on the spectrum of empathy and compassion. So we do want to be crystal clear about one thing. The number one driver of clinical outcomes is clinical excellence. If you're a surgeon and you botched the surgery or if you're a physician who prescribes the wrong medication, there is no amount of compassion that's going to undo that. Right? It's not an either or. It's an and so it's compassion and clinical excellence that produced the best clinical outcomes.

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When you're going to look at data about the value and effect of compassion in medical care, how do you search for that?

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I'm guessing compassion is not a keyword in all these medical studies.

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Yeah, it's a great question because, you know, you can look up pneumonia in PubMed. PubMed is the equivalent of Google and you look up Namen, you'll get every article on pneumonia. If you were to look up compassion or empathy, you will not necessarily get every article. So we had to do something which was essentially the equivalent of the Dewey Decimal System. We had to go back and do a systematic review of a reference of references, approach whole articles, and then read all of those references and then read the references of those articles and then the reference of those articles and keep doing that like a giant tree.

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That's why it took a couple of years to do so.

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Rather than seeking out empirical evidence on compassion, per say, mazzarelli entries like organize their research around a set of characteristics that make up what is called patient centered care. These include kindness, empathy, warmth, pretty much anything that shows doctors being nice to their patients. A lot of the research they looked at involved a 10 question survey called the Care Measure. Patients are asked questions like how well did the doctor do at making you feel at ease? How well the doctor do it fully understanding your concerns, at showing care and compassion, at making a plan of action with you.

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In seeking out evidence on patient centered care, Mazzarelli and trees wound up reviewing 281 research articles that formed what they saw as a collage of evidence about the power of compassion.

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Before we hear your argument and your evidence for the argument, let me just ask how persuaded are you that you're right? Because I could imagine that we could identify benefits of compassionate care.

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But it may be that, you know, doctors show more compassion to patients who are more compliant. So how persuaded are you that the outcomes are not driven by something else, whether observable or unobservable?

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Well, Steve used to have to correct me a lot on this because I am a lawyer also. He would always say to me, look, we're not making arguments. We're testing a hypothesis. He would say we need to be equally open, that compassion isn't something that is measurable and meaningful. Right.

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So it's important to recognize the difference between association and causation and causation can only be inferred from certain study designs. But what is really compelling and to specifically get to your question, when you push all the data together and you see it all. Curated essentially for the first time, the signal is so consistent across the studies that it really doesn't make a whole lot of sense to conclude anything else.

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OK, so let's hear some of the evidence, the trees and Mazzarelli compiled.

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Sure.

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So first, it's important to think about mechanisms. There are many broad categories by which compassion for patients can be beneficial. And the first is physiological. Compassion for patients can actually modulate a patient's perception of pain. It can have immune system effects. There are also endocrine effects, which means in patients with diabetes, there's evidence that they have better blood glucose control and fewer complications when they're treated with compassion on a regular basis. There's also broadly psychological effects. So compassion for patients can reduce symptoms of depression, reduce symptoms of anxiety, reduce emotional distress associated with somatic illnesses like having cancer.

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Those are some amazing and amazingly concrete claims for something that both Tresa and Mazzarelli suspected might be Mushi. So let's interrogate this evidence. Consider Tresa first claim compassion for patients can actually modulate a patient's perception of pain.

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How did they reach that conclusion?

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Their book cites several research papers that take a variety of approaches. One was a randomized controlled trial done at Harvard Medical School with patients suffering from irritable bowel syndrome.

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It found that compassionate care, for instance, a doctor simply saying, I can understand how difficult it is for you. This led patients to report significantly higher rates of symptom relief.

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Another study, this one from Michigan State University, also used a randomized experiment. That's the good news. The bad news is the subject pool was tiny, just nine patients. In any case, these nine patients were recruited from the waiting room of a primary care clinic and randomly divided into two groups. The control group got their standard visit with the doctor. The treatment group got the compassionate version, with the doctor engaging in warm conversation, trying to make the patient feel at ease and encouraging follow up questions.

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Afterward, the researchers put all nine patients in an fMRI machine in order to measure their brain activity. Each patient was then given a painful stimulus while being shown an image of the doctor who'd seen them. The treatment group that is, the patients who'd received the compassionate care showed 47 percent less activation in the region of the brain known for experiencing pain. Again, it's a small study and fMRI evidence is hardly perfect.

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But still, this type of study has persuaded Tresa back that compassion can indeed modulate pain.

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So I didn't say eliminate pain, but attenuate, pain or one's experience of pain.

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And one of the mechanisms by which this happens, one of many potential mechanisms by which compassion can modulate their pain is the release of endorphins. So when endorphins are circulating, they are essentially natural opioids.

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Teresa also believes that compassion creates trust between patient and doctor.

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In many ways, the touch of a trusted other can reduce one's experience of pain.

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A study from the University of Haifa in Israel, for instance, gave people a painful stimulus while holding the hand of either a stranger or a loved one. Holding a stranger's hand didn't lessen the pain at all, but people reported a 50 percent reduction in pain while holding the loved ones hand. There's other research showing broader claims about human connection.

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There's evidence that human connection also modulates or can affect one's autonomic nervous system. So the autonomic nervous system is the part of the nervous system that does everything that you don't have to think about, like controlling your heart rate and your cardio respiratory system.

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Teresia points to evidence that compassion also affects what's known as the parasympathetic nervous system. This can boost the flow of oxytocin, a molecule known as the trust hormone. Now, these physiological benefits of compassion are, to me, at least quite surprising, somewhat less surprising are the reported psychological benefits.

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That's probably intuitive to some extent that treating someone with compassion can help their mental health. But we've also seen this in a study that we recently published here at Cooper.

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This study was led by Brian Roberts, an emergency medicine doctor.

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Brian did a study on the effects of compassion and the subsequent development of PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder.

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He was studying people whose PTSD didn't come from war or some traumatic loss. It came from spending time in the hospital.

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So approximately one third of patients that go through the experience of critical illness in an ICU end up making diagnostic criteria for PTSD at 30 days, even if you just come to the E.R. with a life threatening medical emergency. Twenty five percent of those patients end up making diagnostic criteria for PTSD in 30 days.

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Here's the hypothesis. Brian Roberts wanted to explore that treating E.R. and ICU patients with more compassion might decrease the prevalence of PTSD.

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And what he found was that more compassion from the patient's perspective was associated with lower development of PTSD, a 30 days. So perhaps compassion for people while they're going through terrifying medical emergencies can actually help them with their psychological effects down the road.

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So I mentioned this compassion nomics idea to one doctor friend of mine. He's a gastroenterologist whose specialty is cancer care, his late 50s, early 60s, and he pushed back in the following way. He said that doctors like him used to practice lots of compassion because he said there wasn't much else they could do when someone was diagnosed with cancer.

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And now that there's so many more treatment options that he'd rather deliver a lot of science than a bunch of compassion. So there's an opportunity cost argument to this, right? If we're going to spend a lot of time teaching and or focusing on these kind of softer skills, does the science suffer?

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Compassion actually takes almost no time, like less than a minute. There was a randomized controlled trial from Johns Hopkins in a cancer population and in the primary outcome measure was anxiety. If you have cancer or somebody close to you has, you know, that anxiety is pretty important. And what they found is that the compassionate care had a significantly better effect on the patients anxiety level. But what was most striking is that it only took 40 seconds for the intervention.

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And we found five other studies which show that it is less than a minute. And some people would argue there should be no time dimension at all because it doesn't take any extra time to treat somebody with compassion.

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I think a fair response back might be, OK, fine. You found five studies and it's less than a minute, but you're opening yourself up to a ton more questions. You're opening yourself up to a much longer visit. But that's also been studied and there is no significant increase in the total length of time that people spend together. I think that the problem is that it is sometimes very hard in medicine to take on a new paradigm shift.

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To say it's hard for medicine to take on a paradigm shift, that is an understatement.

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The history of medicine is replete with innovations that took years, sometimes decades, to work their way into the mainstream hand. Hygiene, for instance, is basic as that now seems. Medicine is a difficult enterprise, a complicated one, and in many ways a conservative one with good reason.

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Remember, first, do no harm.

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So imagine you are a hospital administrator and some researcher comes into your office preaching the virtues of compassion.

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It has demonstrable physiological and psychological benefits. They tell you it doesn't take much time or effort.

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They tell you, is that enough to convince you to round up all your doctors and tell them on top of everything else they're doing, that they also need to show more compassion to their patients? Maybe.

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But if not, what if that researcher also tells you that compassion will save you a lot of money? Are you paying more attention now?

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So compassion, increased revenue and decrease costs.

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How can compassion increase revenues? There's patients who will pay more for that. We have data about hospitals that have higher margins, that have better patient experience. That's true.

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According to data collected by a federal survey of hospital patients and hospitals that perform well on the survey are also reimbursed at a higher rate by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services.

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But it's the decreasing cost that I think is the most interesting.

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There is consistent evidence that when you care deeply for patients and they know that they're more likely to take their medicine and non adherence to medical therapy in the US alone accounts for somewhere between one hundred and two hundred and eighty billion dollars of avoidable downstream health care costs.

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And if compassion is something that can help people be more adherent even to capturing a fraction of that could decrease costs in our health care system, which is approaching 19 percent of the GDP. That's one way it can decrease costs. Another way is in studies where there's really patient centered care. The proportion of patients who were referred to specialists was 59 percent lower, while those who underwent diagnostic testing was 84 percent lower.

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I can see how fewer referrals to specialists and less extra testing would certainly lower costs. But how do we know that those lower costs aren't at the expense of better outcomes? Because obviously some referrals and some tests are necessary.

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So there's a whole section of the book dedicated to the data on quality of care. And we've found associations in the data between more caring and fewer errors. And many of us in health care have been exposed to folks. And fortunately, there are few and far between who maybe don't care as much as we think they ought to or they once did or they once did. Right. If they're burned out. If you go to medical conferences, there is one theme that is drowning out just about every other topic that's being discussed, and that's the topic of burnout among health care providers.

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Indeed, the World Health Organization recently added burnout to its international classification of disease, not as a medical condition, but an occupational phenomenon. Plainly, medicine isn't the only occupation where burnout can happen. But as we'll hear after the break, it is surprisingly common among doctors. So what's this have to do with compassion? We'll find out along with some potential solutions. That's right after this. Anthony Mazzarelli and Steven Trees are doctors and administrators at Cooper University Health Care in Camden, New Jersey.

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That's just across the Delaware River from Philadelphia. They have co-authored a book called Compassion Nomics, which argues that when doctors treat their patients with compassion, it improves medical outcomes and reduces costs. But there is a problem. There is a compassion crisis in health care. How can that be?

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How can the most caring of caring professions be lacking in compassion before we get into the causes? Would you like an example? Of course, you would remember at the beginning of this episode, I mentioned a certain nasty and vulgar incident. Let me just pause here to emphasize that this example is not representative of most health care professionals. Most people who get into medicine do so because they want to help people. They take a vow to uphold a standard, but occasionally that standard is violated.

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In 2013, for instance, a man went to have a colonoscopy at a medical facility in Reston, Virginia. There was the gastroenterologist who performed the procedure, an anesthesiologist and a medical system.

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The patient planned to record the doctor's instructions on his phone once the colonoscopy was over.

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But he accidentally recorded the whole procedure from his nervous questions before things got started.

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So the question is, can you give it to the doctors talking about him once he was anesthetized?

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They start talking about an earlier problem, the patient had a genital rash and it keeps mentioning it like it's the first time he's ever talked to anyone about it. I'm not sure if. Urologist. Well, what are you telling me? I will also not. Don't mention it to me. I don't know. And I don't care. Exactly. And then he went on and on about it. And I'm like, one of the nice things about being a special little deal with that had nothing to do with crap being it is becoming irrelevant.

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In case you didn't catch that, the anesthesiologist says one of the nice things about being an anesthesiologist is making people shut the hell up. And then she continues alternately talking to her colleagues and the anesthetized patient, her five minutes of talking.

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I wanted to punch in the face and made up a little bit to just make sure you well, you said you to syphilis on your arm or someone else's. It's probably tuberculosis of the penis, so the nine to and then you'll take some Iron Age or not Ebola, your symptoms, their reaction, like it's Pina's Ebola, she says, which is not a thing.

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Then she says she's going to enter hemorrhoids on the patient's chart.

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I'm going to mark them. Right. Even though we don't down to probably involved, even though we don't see them and probably won't.

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I'm just going to take a shot in the dark. This patient, after waking up and hearing the phone recording, sued the doctors, the gastroenterologist was ultimately dismissed from the case, but the anesthesiologist and her practice were ordered to pay a half million dollars in damages.

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Again, this is just one incident and an egregious example for sure.

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But if you want to make an argument for the lack of compassion in health care, it's a good example. On the other hand, if you want to make an argument that having compassion can save you money, as Mazzarelli and Jack argue, you can use this lawsuit as an example where the lack of compassion can be very expensive. And yet they say there is still a huge deficit in compassionate care. Here's Teresa back again.

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The data suggests that physicians specifically miss approximately 60 to 90 percent of opportunities to respond to patients with compassion.

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Give me a simple example of a physician failing to exercise compassion. Let's start with the most basic recent data from the Mayo Clinic show that physicians will interrupt patients in this statement of their main concern at the 11 second mark. That's the median time to first interruption. So patients may not even get to fully explain the main concern that they have.

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This kind of problem is driven in large part by how doctors are compensated.

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As you likely know, our health care system tends to put more value on procedures and tests than on conversation or prevention. This is hard for doctors themselves. Many of them are frustrated that their profession, long viewed as a calling, has become so transactional.

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But there also appears to be a perception gap between physicians and patients. Consider a survey done by the Schwartz Center for Compassionate Health Care, which included 800 recently hospitalized patients and more than 500 doctors. When asked if most health care professionals provide compassionate care, 78 percent of the doctors said yes. For patients, that number was just 54 percent.

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So that data and there are other data to corroborate it show quite clearly that many of our health care providers can have a blind spot with respect to how well they're connecting with their patients. We are thinking that we're providing them with the emotional support that they need, but the data show that that's not what we're actually delivering.

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What's missing in this equation? It appears to be empathy.

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Yes, empathy is a human capacity that allows us to perceive, process and respond to others emotional states.

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It's Helen Reece. She is a Harvard psychiatrist who also practices at Massachusetts General Hospital, where she directs a program that does empathy, research and training.

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There had been many studies, both in medical students and in practicing physicians that demonstrate that there is definitely a deficit in empathy and compassion.

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Let's say on a scale of one to 10, what is the median American doctor's empathy level?

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I'd say it's about four and a half. Oh, that's discouraging, isn't it? I think so.

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And it's not to blame the doctors. I just think that our system right now is working to get the outcome that we're seeing. First of all, medicine has become a business. And whereas we used to have time to get to know patients and to really form relationships, it's much more about throughput now and how many people you can squeeze into an afternoon.

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The incentives are much higher to see somebody for 20 minutes to just prescribe their medicine than to see them as a whole person.

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Reece argues that this scenario is a big driver of physician burnout. How is that defined?

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Burnout is defined when a few things are happening called depersonalization, where patients are seen more like as a number or a diagnosis, one on a list instead of like real people, a sense of decreased effectiveness.

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Just feeling like no matter how hard I work, I just don't really feel like I'm doing a good job. And emotional exhaustion.

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Last year, the National Academy of Medicine published a report putting the rate of physician burnout in the U.S. between 40 and 54 percent. That's roughly double the burnout rate among workers in other fields, even after controlling for hours and other factors.

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It's also estimated that the rate of physician suicide is double that of the general population between three and 400 doctors each year in the general population.

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There are many attempts, but when physicians decide they have had enough, they know how to end their lives and they have what's called a successful outcome. Of course, it couldn't be farther from the truth.

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As bad as physician burnout has been in recent years, covid made it worse. A recent Medscape survey found that two thirds of the doctors who responded said their burnout symptoms had intensified during the pandemic. A quarter of them said they are considering early retirement, in part because their income is falling. Nurses are also thought to have very high rates of burnout, although frustratingly there's less data on nurses and the lack of data on nurse suicide is even worse among doctors, burnout is known to start early.

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It's estimated that 44 percent of medical students suffer from burnout before they even make it to their residency.

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I talked to medical students and residents all the time, and they say when I chose this as a profession, I thought I'd be spending most of the time with patients. But the average resident spends about 12 minutes a day with their patient and the rest of the time is all work done through the computer.

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This is a complaint we've heard before on the show from Atul Gawande.

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At this point, I'm a glorified data entry clerk, and Gawande is among the most prominent physicians in America, a surgeon, public health researcher and best selling author.

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I spend more time doing data entry in my office than I do seeing my patients, and that's just broken.

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If people are feeling exhausted, disconnected from the reason that brought them to the profession and they're not feeling very effective in their jobs, their morale is going to decay and cynicism can start to creep in.

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There is a cult novel published in 1978 called The House of God, which is still popular among medical students. It follows a group of first year residents at work in the hospital. The House of God is their name for the hospital itself.

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Here's one passage before the House of God. I loved old people. Now, they were no longer old people. They were gomers. Gomer is doctor slang for get out of my emergency room.

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The passage continues. I did not could not love them anymore. I struggled to rest and cannot. And I struggled to love and carnap from old leached out like a man's shirt wash too many times when I started medical school, compassion wasn't a part of the curriculum.

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Anthony Mazzarelli again, it wasn't a title of any lecture.

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It wasn't on any test. And Stephen Tresa back classically the teaching in medical education.

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And this wasn't taught as part of the formal curriculum. This is just what you pick from your peers. There is this thinking that don't get too close to patients because that could make you prone to getting burned out.

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Teresia says the current medical school curricula are more likely to focus on empathy and compassion. He says there's no established standard for this kind of training, nor is it likely to be evidence based, but at least the arrows moving in the right direction. Also, there's new technology like virtual reality, to help medical students learn to interact with patients. Here again is the psychiatrist, Helen Reece.

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There was a company that made this wrist device that helped you experience what it was like to have Parkinsonism. And when I tried it and I couldn't even hold a pen, I realized I had no idea how hard it would even be to write anything or zip up your jacket. And it instantly gave me more empathy for people who can't control their movements.

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Some years back, I co-founded a company called Empathetic. It uses live and virtual sessions to teach anyone, but mainly health care workers, how to be more empathetic.

[00:36:29]

Empathy is how we perceive the emotional states of others, and that gets mapped onto our brain. So empathy is needed in order to show compassion.

[00:36:41]

So how does this translate into advice for doctors?

[00:36:45]

Empathy is in part a shared experience. And so if your patient is really worried about something and you're sitting there flatline, you're not catching any of the emotion. And we're not suggesting that you get just as upset as the patient. But there should be a change in your physiology when something very emotionally charged is happening. And that's why if doctors are looking at computer screens and not catching a facial expression and they're not really hearing it in the tone of voice, they can miss something that's extremely important to the patient.

[00:37:25]

Reece herself designed the program that empathetic uses to teach empathy on a walk in the woods.

[00:37:31]

One day it kind of came to me that the word empathy could act as an acronym for all seven ways that we connect.

[00:37:39]

OK, let's start with E. The first way that we connect with anybody is through eye contact that says, I see you, you exist and it goes back as early as mother infant bonding that a child knows they exist through the gaze of the mother or whoever is holding them. And oxytocin is released when people gaze at one another and it bonds people. And in health care, when people feel afraid, small and vulnerable, that gaze actually means a lot.

[00:38:14]

The next letter is M for muscles, a facial expression and how to use that, because there's no F in empathy for the face.

[00:38:27]

It's fair. There are muscles in the face.

[00:38:29]

Well, they are. What shape are expressions. So it works.

[00:38:33]

The idea here is that our facial expressions usually mimic someone else's concern or sorrow.

[00:38:40]

The PE increases acronym is for posture or body language. A is for affect. The T is for tone of voice. The H is for hearing the patient, the entire patient in medicine.

[00:38:54]

It's so easy to focus on the injured body part, the pancreas that has abnormalities or the heart that's got a murmur.

[00:39:03]

But we've got to back up realize that all these body parts are attached to a person and only caring about how your wound is healing is not going to make that. Patients feel very cared about, even though you've done a brilliant surgery, and that leaves us with the why the why is the most interesting one of all.

[00:39:22]

And that is your response. And it's not what you say next. Your response is your feeling of being with that person, because most feelings are mutual. And if you're feeling good after an interaction, chances are the other person is, too.

[00:39:40]

But if you're feeling a little like something tilted there, we encourage taking some moments to reflect back on what just happened and ask yourself, was I abrupt? Did I seem rushed? Did I cut the person off? Did I not answer their questions? Like, when things are off, we should not just move on and say, oh, well, because often times it's that gap where you kind of know something wasn't quite right.

[00:40:12]

Helen Reece's argument is that if you want to increase compassion among doctors and other health care personnel, you have to start with empathy. Empathy is the prerequisite. And if the empathy doesn't come naturally or if it gets leached away over time, and if people have to be taught to exhibit empathy, well, that's what needs to happen. And there's one more reason why it needs to happen. This is the most radical argument that Stephen Zack and Anthony Mazzarelli make in their book, Compassion Nomics.

[00:40:47]

All that stuff about how compassion is good for patients, both physiologically and psychologically, that's not so radical, all the evidence that physician burnout is a huge problem, also not so radical.

[00:41:02]

Here's the radical proposal. Compassion is not a one way street. Its benefits accrue not only to patients, they argue, but to doctors and nurses as well. Compassion, in other words, will heal the healers. Several studies have linked compassion or empathy to lower levels of burnout. It's really hard for studies like that to prove causation. But researchers have documented physiological benefits of dispensing compassion. Sometimes it's called the helper's high, driven perhaps by a spike in endorphins.

[00:41:40]

Dispensing compassion can also activate the parasympathetic nervous system, which produces a calming effect compassion.

[00:41:48]

The thing that doctors need to show is the very thing that doctors need. That, at least, is the argument put forth by Teresa ACON Mazzarelli, the preponderance of evidence shows that there is an inverse association between compassion and burnout. So more compassion, lower burnout, lower compassion, higher burnout. Health care providers who have lower compassion for patients are more predisposed to getting burned out under the same amount of stress. So we believe that having a fulfilling doctor patient relationship or a nurse patient relationship gives you that fulfilling part of medicine.

[00:42:31]

And if you don't have that, then it's just one stress after another.

[00:42:40]

Soon after, Teresia and Mazzarelli begin to focus on the science of compassion, they started a program at Cooper Health System to mentor physicians on how to connect and communicate with patients.

[00:42:52]

Mazzarelli reports that the hospital has since made improvements every year in patient satisfaction. Physician engagement and financial performance. Although Mazzarelli true to what he has learned during his compassion, Imex Journey was careful to note that quote. Of course, we can only report association rather than definitive causation from these data. Let me ask you, since you were the skeptic coming in, Steve, I'm really curious to know what kind of effect this work, the research in writing the book and trying to put it into practice, what kind of effect that's had on you personally and or professionally?

[00:43:34]

Sure. So after going through all of the data and specifically seeing the signal that compassion can be beneficial for the giver to that really left an indelible mark on me, because after 20 years of working in an ICU and meeting people on the worst day of their life, I came to the realization that I had every symptom of burnout, every single one. And I assure you, that's not a good place to be. So having just synthesized all the evidence that compassion can be beneficial for the giver, too, I decided to do an experiment on myself and I tried very hard and I still do to this day working to connect with people more, not less.

[00:44:17]

It's not only the patients for me, it's their families. Many of my patients are so sick that they can't talk. They're on a ventilator, for example, but connecting more, not less, leaning in rather than pulling back. And for me, that was when the fog of burnout began to lift. And you also realize that you can get better at compassion. It can be taught, it can be learned, and you have to be very intentional in practicing it every day.

[00:44:41]

Can you give me an example or two of something that you say that you wouldn't have said? Or maybe it's something that you say differently? Is that the way you you touch someone that you might not have touched before? Is it eye contact?

[00:44:55]

Actually, it's not something that I say oftentimes is something that I don't say. It's just being present at practice, critical care. And there are a lot of times when the outcome is not something that can be changed. And sometimes you just need to sit with people in their suffering. You're not going to go through this alone. I am here with you. In fact, just in the ICU recently, I had to give essentially news to a woman whose brother was fighting for his life.

[00:45:23]

We were still hopeful that he could recover, but he was so severe that it was very likely that he might not. And it was devastating to her because he had been her rock throughout her whole life. And at the end of that discussion, she said, you don't remember me, do you? And I said, I'm sorry, I don't. And she said, I wouldn't think that you would. You see so many patients here. It's OK.

[00:45:47]

But eight years ago, my mom was in that room right across the hall there, and you were her doctor. And we had to have this talk and you had to tell me that she was dying and there was nothing we could do for her. And what she remembered was the nurses and the fact that she never felt alone through that whole experience. And she said the kindness of your nurses and how they helped me through that. She said, it keeps coming back to me.

[00:46:15]

It comes back to me all the time. I think about that because it was so hard at the time. But every time I think about it, I think about the kindness of those nurses. And so going back to what we were talking about earlier, even though there are two hundred and eighty one references in this book of original science research papers that show that compassion matters even when it can't make a difference on the outcome, it still makes a difference.

[00:46:42]

Maybe it's too much to ask at this moment, but wouldn't it be nice if the science of compassion could perhaps be spread around throughout society, not just confined to medicine if the people who receive empathy and compassion are left better off? And if the people who dispense it are also left better off, I can't see any reason to be stingy with it. Just a thought. Do with it what you will. I will leave you today with the sign off we've been using since early in the pandemic.

[00:47:14]

It's a sign off I now realize that indicates my own appetite for a little more compassion all around goes like this. We'll be back next week. Until then, take care of yourself and if you can, someone else to.

[00:47:35]

Freakonomics Radio is produced by Stitcher and Dubner Productions, we can be reached at Radio at Freakonomics Dotcom. This episode was produced by Morgan Levy. Our staff also includes Allison Craig, though, Mark McCluskey, Greg Rippin, Zach Lapinsky, Daphne Chen, married to Duke and Matt Hickey. Our intern is immaterial and we had help this week from Jasmine Clinger. Our theme song is Mr. Fortune by The Hitchhiker's. All the other music was composed by Louis Scarra. You can get Freakonomics Radio on any podcast app if you'd like the entire back catalog, use the Stitcher app or go to Freakonomics Dotcom, where we also published transcripts and show notes.

[00:48:18]

As always, thanks for listening. Writing a book is hard, and we slaved over every word, but not the dedication that was very easy for us to write, and we dedicate it to all the nurses we've ever worked with, because even I feel that that's where we learned a lot about providing compassion stitcher.